Authors

Rule-Example

Result-Explanation

Wason & Shapiro (1971)

“Everytime I go to Manchester I travel by car”.

Facilitation of thematic content.

Johnson-Laird, Legrenzi, & Legrenzi (1972)

“If a letter is sealed, then it has a 50 lira stamp on it”.

Facilitation of thematic content.

Manktelow & Evans (1979)

“If I eat haddock, then I drink gin”.

No thematic facilitation in arbitrary relationship.

Griggs & Cox (1982)

“If a person is drinking beer, then the person must be over 19 years of age”.

Facilitation by content-experience relationship.

Cheng & Holyoak (1985)

“If the form says ENTERING on one side, then the other side includes CHOLERA among the list of diseases”.

Facilitation by activation of permission rules.

Cosmides (1989)

“If a man eats cassava root, then he has a tattoo on his face”.

Facilitation by reformulation of the rule as cost-benefit and application of cheater-detector algorithm.

Asensio, Martín Cordero, García-Madruga, & Recio (1990)

“If a person is driving a car, then he must be over 18 years old”.

Execution by double syntactic-semantic processing.

Manktelow & Over (1991)

“If you tidy up your room, then you may go out to play”.

Selection of cards which breaks the rule. Child: “p and not-q”. Mother: “not-p and q”.

Gigerenzer & Hug (1992)

“If an employee works on the weekend, then that person gets a day off during the week”.

Perspective effect and cheater-detector algorithm modulate the selection (employee: “p and not-q”; employer: “not-p and q”).

Holyoak & Cheng (1995)

“If a car owner installs a new catalytic converter, then that person gets a subsidy”.

Pragmatic Schemas Theory explains the role of content and context. Rights and duties: complementary terms.

Valiña, Seoane, Ferraces, & Martín (1995)

“If a Wasit card has A on one side, then it must have a 3 on the other side”.

“If a person is sitting in the front seat of a car, then that person must be over 12 years of age”.

Better performance in thematic version. Facilitation of violation instructions. Individual differences

Love & Kessler (1995)

“If there are Xow, then there must be a force field”.

The context: key if it suggests the activation of counterexamples.

Valiña, Seoane, Ferraces, & Martín (1998)

“If a person is riding a motorcycle then he must wear a helmet”.

Interactive effect instructions and content. Superior logical indexes in deontic versions.

Stanovich & West (1998)

“If ‘Baltimore’ is on one side of the ticket then ‘plane’ is on the other side of the ticket”.

Better performance in deontic version. Individual differences.

Martín, Valiña, & Evans (1999)

“If a card has a bricklayer written on one side, then it must have/has hard hat written on the other side”.

Effect of scenario in deontic problems. Better performance in permission or obligation rules.

Staller, Sloman, & Ben-Zeev (2000)

“If a Hare Mantra child is at least 8 years old, then that child performs well the 8-years intelligence test”.

Perspective effect does not require deontic context. Execution according to activation of counterexamples.

Valiña, Seoane, Ferraces, & Martín (2000)

“If a person is more than 18 years old, then he has the right to vote”.

Facilitation of violation instructions. Better performance in thematic-obligation task. Individual differences.

Almor & Sloman (2000)

“If an employee gets a day off during the week, then that employee must have worked on the weekend”.

Looks for rule-history coherence.

Girotto, Kemmelmeier, Sperber, & van der Henst (2001)

“If a person travels to any East African country, then that person must be immunized against cholera”.

The context expressed in the text modulates the relevancy to make inferences.