1b. Reaction teachers/coaches—Opinions/satisfaction regarding the quality and effectiveness of the coaching behavior (e.g. teachers’ responses on questionnaires after training)

1a. Reaction trainees—Opinions/satisfaction regarding the quality and effectiveness of the coaching behavior (e.g. trainees’ responses on questionnaires after training)

2. Learner outcomes—Development of skills in learners (e.g. observation and assessment of newly trained skills acquired by trainees in an experimental setting)

3. Transfer to real practice—Development of skills in learners as they are applied in real practice (e.g. observations and assessment of newly trained skills in the real-life operating room)

4. Healthcare outcomes—Changes in health care outcomes that can be attributed to the development of skills in trainees (e.g. the complication rate in operating rooms where trainees with newly acquired skills are involved)