Motivation

Literature

Challenge, achievement, and competition

Deci and Ryan (1985) [23] ; Lucas and Sherry (2004) [27] ; Ryan, Rigby, and Przybylski (2006) [24] ; Yee (2006) [28] ; Li and Counts (2007) [29] ; Tychsen, Hitchens, and Brolund (2008) [30] ; Frostling-Henningsson (2009) [31] ; Engl and Nacke (2012) [32]

Socialization, social interaction, and sense of belonging

Ryan, Rigby, and Przybylski (2006) [24] ; Yee (2006) [28] ; Lin and Lin (2011) [33] ; Lin, Chen, and Kuo (2011) [34]

Excitement and arousal

Lucas and Sherry (2004) [24]

Escapism, kill time, and freedom in virtual world

Yee (2006) [28] ; Ryan, Rigby, and Przybylski (2006) [24] ; Chou and Tsai (2007) [35] ; Tychsen, Hitchens, and Brolund (2008) [30] ; Mintel (2009) [36] ; Frostling-Henningsson (2009) [31]

Immersion (discovery, role playing, customization)

Paras and Bizzochi (2005) [37] ; Yee (2006) [28] ; Tychsen, Hitchens, and Brolund (2008) [30] ; Carrigy, Naliuka, Paterson, and Haahr (2010) [38] ; Engl and Nacke (2012) [32]

Flow, positive emotions, perceived usefulness, and fantasy

Paras and Bizzochi (2005) [37] ; Zhou (2012) [39] ; Engl and Nacke (2012) [32] ; Huang, Backman, Backman, and Moore (2013) [40]