Sample

Mean treatment (n = 51)

Mean control (n = 259)

Std Mean Diff

p-value

Age

Before

43.49

43.54

−0.401

0.979

After

43.44

43.35

0.702

0.974

Education

Before

7.51

7.07

12.640

0.408

After

7.70

7.06

18.515

0.382

Experience

Before

11.63

14.26

−28.256

0.074*

After

11.56

12.32

−8.057

0.714

Household composition

Before

5.69

6.69

−46.572

0.004***

After

5.67

5.86

−8.587

0.716

Age below 18

Before

2.82

3.20

−20.867

0.180

After

2.81

2.93

−6.313

0.762

Age18 to 50

Before

2.53

3.06

−44.148

0.008***

After

2.51

2.66

−11.647

0.565

Age 50 and older

Before

0.35

0.46

−14.927

0.338

After

0.37

0.28

12.304

0.531

Land leased

Before

0.80

0.58

55.093

0.001***

After

0.79

0.83

−8.475

0.609

Extension visit

Before

2.18

0.90

39.882

0.008***

After

1.65

1.97

−13.308

0.618

Meeting

Before

0.86

0.38

30.507

0.040**

After

0.84

1.22

−24.391

0.298

Mbulumbulu

Before

0.39

0.37

4.360

0.776

After

0.44

0.45

−2.314

0.916

Rhotia

Before

0.18

0.19

−3.303

0.830

After

0.16

0.18

−4.151

0.837

Monduli juu

Before

0.35

0.37

−3.671

0.811

After

0.35

0.32

5.626

0.777

Transport

Before

0.12

0.07

15.984

0.284

After

0.09

0.13

−11.869

0.585

Equipment

Before

0.10

0.09

3.075

0.840

After

0.12

0.12

0.000

1.000

Livestock

Before

0.94

0.93

2.867

0.853

After

0.93

0.94

−4.511

0.815

Hybrid seed

Before

0.10

0.10

−2.067

0.893

After

0.09

0.08

3.956

0.856

Off-farm income

Before

0.29

0.14

34.548

0.022**

After

0.28

0.29

−1.708

0.925

Land size

Before

7.75

4.60

33.983

0.022***

After

6.00

5.19

12.702

0.469

Output

Before

795.91

686.84

40.779

0.009***

After

744.38

798.30

−23.257

0.272

TE scores

Before

0.85

0.78

78.885

0.000***

After

0.84

0.82

17.957

0.432