Sample | Mean treatment (n = 51) | Mean control (n = 259) | Std Mean Diff | p-value | ||
Age | Before | 43.49 | 43.54 | −0.401 | 0.979 | |
After | 43.44 | 43.35 | 0.702 | 0.974 | ||
Education | Before | 7.51 | 7.07 | 12.640 | 0.408 | |
After | 7.70 | 7.06 | 18.515 | 0.382 | ||
Experience | Before | 11.63 | 14.26 | −28.256 | 0.074* | |
After | 11.56 | 12.32 | −8.057 | 0.714 | ||
Household composition | Before | 5.69 | 6.69 | −46.572 | 0.004*** | |
After | 5.67 | 5.86 | −8.587 | 0.716 | ||
Age below 18 | Before | 2.82 | 3.20 | −20.867 | 0.180 | |
| After | 2.81 | 2.93 | −6.313 | 0.762 | |
Age18 to 50 | Before | 2.53 | 3.06 | −44.148 | 0.008*** | |
| After | 2.51 | 2.66 | −11.647 | 0.565 | |
Age 50 and older | Before | 0.35 | 0.46 | −14.927 | 0.338 | |
| After | 0.37 | 0.28 | 12.304 | 0.531 | |
Land leased | Before | 0.80 | 0.58 | 55.093 | 0.001*** | |
After | 0.79 | 0.83 | −8.475 | 0.609 | ||
Extension visit | Before | 2.18 | 0.90 | 39.882 | 0.008*** | |
After | 1.65 | 1.97 | −13.308 | 0.618 | ||
Meeting | Before | 0.86 | 0.38 | 30.507 | 0.040** | |
After | 0.84 | 1.22 | −24.391 | 0.298 | ||
Mbulumbulu | Before | 0.39 | 0.37 | 4.360 | 0.776 | |
After | 0.44 | 0.45 | −2.314 | 0.916 | ||
Rhotia | Before | 0.18 | 0.19 | −3.303 | 0.830 | |
After | 0.16 | 0.18 | −4.151 | 0.837 | ||
Monduli juu | Before | 0.35 | 0.37 | −3.671 | 0.811 | |
After | 0.35 | 0.32 | 5.626 | 0.777 | ||
Transport | Before | 0.12 | 0.07 | 15.984 | 0.284 | |
After | 0.09 | 0.13 | −11.869 | 0.585 | ||
Equipment | Before | 0.10 | 0.09 | 3.075 | 0.840 | |
After | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.000 | 1.000 | ||
Livestock | Before | 0.94 | 0.93 | 2.867 | 0.853 | |
After | 0.93 | 0.94 | −4.511 | 0.815 | ||
Hybrid seed | Before | 0.10 | 0.10 | −2.067 | 0.893 | |
After | 0.09 | 0.08 | 3.956 | 0.856 | ||
Off-farm income | Before | 0.29 | 0.14 | 34.548 | 0.022** | |
After | 0.28 | 0.29 | −1.708 | 0.925 | ||
Land size | Before | 7.75 | 4.60 | 33.983 | 0.022*** | |
After | 6.00 | 5.19 | 12.702 | 0.469 | ||
Output | Before | 795.91 | 686.84 | 40.779 | 0.009*** | |
After | 744.38 | 798.30 | −23.257 | 0.272 | ||
TE scores | Before | 0.85 | 0.78 | 78.885 | 0.000*** | |
After | 0.84 | 0.82 | 17.957 | 0.432 |