Justice

Appointed by

Constant (b₀)

Slope (b₁)

R²

Terms

H. F. Stone

O. J. Roberts

H. Black

S. F. Reed

F. Frankfurter

W. O. Douglas

F. Murphy

R. H. Jackson

W. B. Rutledge

H. H. Burton

F. M. Vinson

T. C. Clark

S. Minton

E. Warren

J. Harlan II

W. J. Brennan

P. Stewart

B. R. White

T. Marshall

W. E. Burger

H. Blackmun

L. Powell

W. Rehnquist

J. P. Stevens

S. D. O’Connor

A. Scalia

A. Kennedy^b

D. Souter

C. Thomas^b

R. B. Ginsburg^b

S. Breyer^b

J. Roberts^b

S. Alito^b

S. Sotomayor^b

Coolidge (R)

Hoover (R)

F. D. Roosevelt (D)

F. D. Roosevelt (D)

F. D. Roosevelt (D)

F. D. Roosevelt (D)

F. D. Roosevelt (D)

F. D. Roosevelt (D)

F. D. Roosevelt (D)

Truman (D)

Truman (D)

Truman (D)

Truman (D)

Eisenhower (R)

Eisenhower (R)

Eisenhower (R)

Eisenhower (R)

Kennedy (D)

L. B. Johnson (D)

Nixon (R)

Nixon (R)

Nixon (R)

Reagan, Nixon (R)

Ford (R)

Reagan (R)

Reagan (R)

Reagan (R)

G. H. W. Bush (R)

G. H. W. Bush (R)

Clinton (D)

Clinton (D)

G. W. Bush (R)

G. W. Bush (R)

Obama (D)

−395.400 (−6.93)¹*

−777.092 (−14.18)*

−169.810 (−9.67)*

−273.801 (−10.58)*

−173.504 (−5.71)*

368.394 (12.92)*

2.889 (0.10)

−124.852 (−2.81)***

241.918 (5.12)*

−105.241 (−5.04)*

−391.190 (−9.25)*

119.832 (4.42)*

191.771 (4.29)**

89.320 (2.14)***

11.396 (0.17)

186.074 (16.85)*

7.535 (0.59)

−67.166 (−5.65)*

349.587 (18.51)*

77.752 (2.49)***

292.949 (25.97)*

43.599 (1.84)

229.340 (16.27)*

218.245 (11.02)*

128.824 (11.74)*

33.531 (1.21)

93.903 (10.12)*

274.693 (10.96)*

23.158 (1.21)

189.698 (13.35)*

88.448 (7.23)*

219.360 (5.46)*

−15.187 (−0.33)

370.537 (10.08)*

0.204 (6.93)*

0.401 (14.21)*

0.086 (9.57)*

0.141 (10.60)*

0.089 (5.72)*

−0.191 (−13.08)*

−0.002 (−0.16)

0.065 (2.83)***

−0.125 (−5.15)*

0.055 (5.10)*

0.201 (9.28)*

−0.061 (−4.40)*

−0.098 (−4.27)**

−0.046 (−2.17)***

−0.005 (−0.15)

−0.095 (−17.03)*

−0.004 (−0.55)

0.034 (5.69)*

−0.178 (−18.66)*

−0.038 (−2.43)***

−0.148 (−25.98)*

−0.022 (−1.80)

−0.114 (−16.06)*

−0.111 (−11.11)*

−0.064 (−11.65)*

−0.016 (−1.12)

−0.047 (−10.05)*

−0.138 (−10.99)*

−0.010 (−1.02)

−0.095 (−13.46)*

−0.045 (−7.32)*

−0.109 (−5.43)*

0.008 (0.36)

−0.185 (−10.14)*

0.873

0.971

0.741

0.862

0.598

0.826

0.003

0.421

0.841

0.684

0.945

0.548

0.752

0.253

0.001

0.901

0.014

0.519

0.941

0.282

0.967

0.187

0.890

0.789

0.855

0.043

0.789

0.877

0.044

0.896

0.728

0.766

0.015

0.954

9^a

8^a

34

20

24

38

10

13

7

14

7

18

8

16

17

34

23

32

24

17

25

16

34

35

25

30

29

19

25

23

22

11

11

7