u₀

free-stream velocity

m/s

H

depth

m

δ

boundary layer thickness

m

D

cylinder diameter

m

E

vertical distance between the cylinder and plane

m

x,y

Coordinate components

m

u,v

Velocity components

m/s

p

Pressure field

Pa

ω

vorticity

1/s

ψ

streamline

m²/s

g

gravitational acceleration

m/s²

h

kernel smoothing distance

m

m

particle mass

kg

P

pressure

N/m²

r

distance between particles

m

t

time

s

Δt

time increment

s

η

small number to avoid singularity (0.1 h)

m

μ

constant viscosity of water

kg・m⁻¹・s⁻¹

ρ

fluid density

kg/m³

ρ₀

initial density

kg/m³

G

divergence of kernel

W

kernel

Subscripts and symbols

i

reference particle

j

neighboring particle

n

time index