(1)

(2)

Instrument variable

Number of

executive shares

The lag period of competitive position variables

Descriptive statistics of instrumental variables

Average value

14.606

0.110

Standard deviation

3.407

0.138

Instrumental variable validity test

Sargan statistic (value)

0.642

0.642

Cragg-Donald Wald F statistic

86.639

86.639

Stock-Yogo bias critical value

19.93 (10%)

19.93 (10%)

Underidentification test (p value)

0.000

0.000

Endogenous test

Davidson-MacKinnon test (p value)

0.167

0.167