variables | Short-term effect | Long-term effect | ||||
Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect | |
lnpergdp | 0.777** | 0.385** | 0.392 | 0.801** | 0.564* | 0.237 |
| (0.334) | (0.182) | (0.344) | (0.344) | (0.328) | (0.468) |
sqlnpergdp | −0.038** | −0.017* | −0.021 | −0.039** | −0.024 | −0.015 |
| (0.016) | (0.009) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.016) | (0.023) |
lnindustry | 0.202 | 0.021 | 0.181 | −0.165 | 0.069 | −0.233* |
| (0.133) | (0.054) | (0.116) | (0.137) | (0.090) | (0.142) |
lnurban | 0.278** | 0.185** | 0.093 | −0.287** | −0.288** | 0.001 |
| (0.139) | (0.074) | (0.131) | (0.143) | (0.129) | (0.173) |
es | 0.141 | 0.075*** | 0.066 | −0.010 | −0.137*** | 0.127* |
| (0.057) | (0.025) | (0.056) | (0.059) | (0.045) | (0.072) |