variables

Short-term effect

Long-term effect

Total effect

Direct effect

Indirect effect

Total effect

Direct effect

Indirect effect

lnpergdp

0.777**

0.385**

0.392

0.801**

0.564*

0.237

(0.334)

(0.182)

(0.344)

(0.344)

(0.328)

(0.468)

sqlnpergdp

−0.038**

−0.017*

−0.021

−0.039**

−0.024

−0.015

(0.016)

(0.009)

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.016)

(0.023)

lnindustry

0.202

0.021

0.181

−0.165

0.069

−0.233*

(0.133)

(0.054)

(0.116)

(0.137)

(0.090)

(0.142)

lnurban

0.278**

0.185**

0.093

−0.287**

−0.288**

0.001

(0.139)

(0.074)

(0.131)

(0.143)

(0.129)

(0.173)

es

0.141

0.075***

0.066

−0.010

−0.137***

0.127*

(0.057)

(0.025)

(0.056)

(0.059)

(0.045)

(0.072)