Variables

Total effect

Direct effect

Indirect effect

lnpergdp

0.861***

0.495***

0.366

(0.288)

(0.192)

(0.289)

sqlnpergdp

−0.038***

−0.023**

−0.015

(0.014)

(0.009)

(0.014)

lnindustry

0.264***

0.107**

0.157***

(0.094)

(0.051)

(0.092)

lnurban

0.253**

0.276***

−0.023

(0.129)

(0.064)

(0.119)

es

0.196

0.125***

0.071

(0.057)

(0.026)

(0.060)

R²

0.686