|
| | | | Long (2005) |
| 1 | surveys based on questionnaires | questionnaires | questionnaires | surveys & questionnaires |
| 2 | structured interviews | interviews | interviews | unstructured & structured interviews |
| 3 | observation of classes | observations of interactions or ESP learners carrying out tasks replicating those in the target situation | observation | participant & non-participant observation; classroom observation |
| 4 |
| analysis of language use in the target situation | data collection, e.g. gathering texts | analysis of discourse, register/rhetoric, computer-aided corpus, genre |
| 5 | pre-course placement/ self-placement diagnostic tests; entry tests on arrival | tests of performance |
| task-based, criterion-referenced performance tests |
| 6 |
|
| informal consultations with sponsors, learners and others | non-expert & expert practitioner intuitions |
| 7 | learner diaries |
|
| diaries, journals & logs |
| 8 | case studies |
|
| content analysis |
| 9 | final evaluation/feedback |
|
|
|
| 10 | previous research |
|
|
|
| 11 |
|
|
| language audits; ethnographic methods; role-plays, simulations; triangulated methods |