| | | | Long (2005) |
1 | surveys based on questionnaires | questionnaires | questionnaires | surveys & questionnaires |
2 | structured interviews | interviews | interviews | unstructured & structured interviews |
3 | observation of classes | observations of interactions or ESP learners carrying out tasks replicating those in the target situation | observation | participant & non-participant observation; classroom observation |
4 |
| analysis of language use in the target situation | data collection, e.g. gathering texts | analysis of discourse, register/rhetoric, computer-aided corpus, genre |
5 | pre-course placement/ self-placement diagnostic tests; entry tests on arrival | tests of performance |
| task-based, criterion-referenced performance tests |
6 |
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| informal consultations with sponsors, learners and others | non-expert & expert practitioner intuitions |
7 | learner diaries |
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| diaries, journals & logs |
8 | case studies |
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| content analysis |
9 | final evaluation/feedback |
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10 | previous research |
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11 |
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| language audits; ethnographic methods; role-plays, simulations; triangulated methods |