Citation	Region & Location	Methodology & Year	Sample characteristics	Researcher observations
Self-reported disrespect and abuse by nurses and midwives [27]	Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Mwanza; Referral level hospitals; Regional hospitals; District hospitals; Health centers.	Questionnaires 2016	N = 439 Nurses, midwives, nursing assistants	96.1% reported enacting one form of D&A; 25% - 44% relating to psychological abuse during labor and childbirth; D&A events increased with increase in working hours/week and taking break during evening shifts; D&A events decreased with job satisfaction and supervision of any form.
Citation	Region & Location	Methodology & Year	Sample characteristics
Barriers and self-facilitators to humanizing birth care in Tanzania [29]	Mwanza, Mara District Hospitals	Semi-structured interviews	N = 8 Midwives, obstetricians
	Provider explanation		Recommendations
	Barriers to providing quality care Systematic barriers Limited physical space Facility limitations Individualized barriers Limited birth position choice Disrespect for beliefs of mother		Facilitators to RMC Systematic facilitators Education on RMC (ongoing) Continuous clinic support during birth Benefit of having family be active participants during birth Respecting maternal wishes when appropriate/feasible
Citation	Region & Location	Methodology & Year	Sample characteristics	Researcher observations
Midwives respect and disrespect of women during facility-based childbirth [28]	Urban Tanzania Health facilities	Naturalistic observation 2014	N = 14 Midwives	All midwives showed both RMC and D&A instances Lack of professional accountability in midwifery
Citation	Region & Location	Methodology & Year	Sample characteristics	Researcher observations
Quality of care during childbirth in Tanzania: identification of areas that need improvement [23]	Lake Zone Rural district hospital Rural governmental health center	Participant Observation 2014-2016	1300 hours of observation	Women’s movement between rooms during birth Health provider’s assumptions and hope for a “normal” birth Fear of poor fetal and maternal outcomes results in active management of labour
	Recommendations
	Intervention and diagnostic tools are not used as intended. For example, the partograph is more of a documentation tool than a diagnostic one. Encouragement of use is needed urgently Culture of “blame and shame” pushes providers into active management without even reasons. Needs to be reemphasized that maternal and fetal health outcomes are a systemic change and not just individual shortcomings
Citation	Region & Location	Methodology & Year	Sample characteristics
“We have been working overnight without sleeping” traditional birthing attendants’ practices and perceptions of postpartum care services in rural Tanzania [30]	Dodoma region	In-depth interviews 2013	N = 16 Trained TBA (n = 3) Untrained TBA (n = 8) Multiparous women attended to by untrained TBA (n = 5)
	Provider self-report	Provider explanations	Recommendations
	Engaging in caring rituals including sponging, cooking special foods such soups, porridge; Detected and handled complications that might arise post-birth and used traditional methods; Referring only when complications arise which cannot be handled (untrained TBA) vs. regularly referring to health facilities (trained TBA); Weak connections between formal health facilities and TBAs.	Distance to women is a big factor in postpartum care	Strengthening the connections between health facilities and TBA. Training more and more TBAs increases education and awareness of the postpartum issues. Increased training and referral mechanisms can increase quality Bridge the gap between facility and home births via a skilled provider in terms of the trained TBA
Citation	Region & Location	Methodology & Year	Sample characteristics	Researcher observations
Patient and Provider determinants for receipt of three dimensions of respectful maternity care in Kigoma Region [31]	Kigoma region Hospitals Health centers Dispensaries	Cross-sectional surveys Provider interviews Client exit interviews 2016	N = 361 providers Clinicians Nurses Midwives Other staff	Nurses who attended more deliveries than providers found to provide lower levels of RMC. Longer contact with clients helps nurses provide RMC opposed to intermittent capacity of providers.
	Provider self-report		Recommendations
	Perception of pay equity fosters friendly and empathetic RMC		High workload, low motivation, pay inequity negatively affects provider’s ability to provide RMC
Citation	Region & Location	Methodology & Year	Sample characteristics
Promoting respectful care in rural Tanzania: nurses’ experiences of the “Health Workers for Change” program [32]	Mara Region Hospital Health centers Dispensaries	Survey Focus group discussions	N = 60 reproductive health nurses
	Provider self-report		Provider explanation
	Self-reflection into individual attitudes about D&A. Capacity and interest in future training and seminars. Improvement in maternal education and awareness.		Insufficient supplies and service levels. Would want more colleagues to do the training and seminars, including management of women and their partners. Impact of family planning. Provide Community health workers with financial incentives to bring people to facilities. Assist women with the cost of transportation to reach facilities.