N = 621

APQ-9 Factors

Positive Parenting (PP)

Inconsistent Discipline (ID)

Poor Supervision (PS)

Cronbach’s Alpha (α)

0.63

0.68

0.61

Bollen’s Omega (ω)

0.64

0.68

0.62

Bentler’s Omega (ω)

0.64

0.68

0.62

McDonald’s Omega (ω_t)

0.65

0.68

0.62

Average Variance Extracted (AVE)

0.38

0.41

0.35