The U.S.

Poland

Russia

Gender differences

Gender differences visible in the income,

Gender differences vary by race; studies suggest that white women get 81.3 for every dollar white men get, Asian women 74.8, while Asian men are paid 95.8 for every dollar a white man earns ( Toosi et al., 2018 ).

Change from patriarchy to egalitarianism

( Wejnert & Djumabaeva, 2005 ).

Gender differences in business; women struggle to obtain job positions with the same income or authority as men ( Katz, 2007 ).

Businesswomen are expected to show only a certain degree of assertiveness and confidence, but they should never appear aggressive or bold ( Katz, 2007 ).

Presumption that women should not be involved in politics because they are too emotional and not assertive ( Warat, 2014 ).

Violence against women ( Warat, 2014 ).

Women in Poland are usually better educated than men and earn less in every education category ( Goraus &Tyrowicz, 2014 ).

Highly patriarchal culture,

Polarized gender roles;

Traditionally family oriented ( Panarina, 2020 ).

Women are often servants to husbands ( Rimashevskaya, 2013 )

Business etiquette gender oriented

Dress code ( Panarina, 2020 ).

Prevalent sexual harassment ( Rimashevskaya, 2013 ).