Kitaguchi

et al., 2020

[51]

Japan

19 intraoperative videos

9 stages and 3 actions, 5 tools

CNN

The overall accuracy of the full-phase classification model was 81.0%, and the mean intersection over union (mIoU) for tools T1 - T5 was 51.2%.

The CNN model can be used to build an automated video analysis and indexing system.

Ichimasa

et al., 2022

[52]

Japan

511 patients with early T2 colorectal cancer (CRC)

8 clinical and pathological variables (age, sex, tumor size, tumor location, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, histological differentiation, and CEA level)

RF algorithm

The AUC of the AI system in validation data was 0.93, while the AUC of the nomogram (based on multivariable logistic regression analysis) was 0.88.

The AI prediction model has the potential to reduce unnecessary surgeries for T2 CRC patients and enable minimally invasive treatment through endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) for T2 CRC patients with lymph node metastasis.