Sociodemographic variables

of carers

Government

(N = 40)

Private

(N = 40)

p-value

Mean (SD)/Frequency (%)

Age of the carers^a

33.92 (7.119)

38.23 (14.423)

0.096

Gender^b

Male

16 (40.0%)

5 (12.5%)

0.005*

Female

24 (60.0%)

35 (87.5%)

Ethnicity^c

Malay

38 (95.0%)

32 (80.0%)

0.043*

Chinese

1 (2.5%)

5 (12.5%)

Kadazan

1 (2.5%)

0 (0.0%)

Myanmar

0 (0.0%)

3 (7.5%)

Marital Status^c

Single

7 (17.5%)

13 (32.5%)

0.094

Married

33 (82.5%)

25 (62.5%)

Divorce

0 (0.0%)

1 (2.5%)

Widow

0 (0.0%)

1 (2.5%)

Citizenship^c

Malaysia

40 (100.0%)

37 (92.5%)

0.241

Myanmar

0 (0.0%)

3 (7.5%)

Number of carer’s own children^a

2.00 (1.695)

2.05 (2.275)

0.912

Educational background^c

SPM

20 (50.0%)

21 (52.5%)

0.004*

STPM

4 (10.0%)

1 (2.5%)

Diploma

7 (17.5%)

3 (7.5%)

Bachelor’s degree

6 (15.0%)

2 (5.0%)

Others

3 (7.5%)

4 (10.0%)

No educational background

0 (0.0%)

9 (22.5%)

Household income (RM)^a

3813.432

(1718.1538)

1554.286 (702.2021)

<0.001*

Number of working hours daily^a

8.0 (0.226)

13.3 (7.405)

<0.001*

Number of children per carer^a

37.28 (27.185)

26.92 (15.031)

0.039*

Number of children at the centre^a

121.33 (57.76)

41.78 (33.738)

<0.001*

Number of carers per centre^a

26.086 (17.1335)

6.2 (3.9582)

<0.001*

Marital problems^c

Yes

0 (0.0%)

3 (7.5%)

0.241

No

40 (100.0%)

37 (92.5%)

Personal things that make the carer feels burnout^c

0.241

Yes

0 (0.0%)

3 (7.5%)

No

40 (100.0%)

37 (92.5%)

Support from home^c

Yes

35 (87.5%)

36 (90.0%)

1.000

No

5 (12.5%)

4 (10.0%)

Support from other carers^c

Yes

38 (95.0%)

33 (82.5%)

0.154

No

2 (5.0%)

7 (17.5%)

Support from superior^c

Yes

36 (90.0%)

37 (92.5%)

1.000

No

4 (10.0%)

3 (7.5%)

Distress more at home^b

Yes

16 (40.0%)

10 (25.0%)

0.152

No

24 (60.0%)

30 (75.0%)

Sociodemographic variables of the children

Ages of the children^a

8.73 (2.375)

9.70 (2.399)

0.072

Gender of the children^b

Male

29 (72.5%)

18 (45.0%)

0.022*

Female

11 (27.5%)

22 (55.0%)

Carer’s MBI-GS scores

Government

(N = 40)

Private

(N = 40)

p-value

Frequency (%)

Exhaustion (EX)^c

Low

1 (2.5%)

1 (2.5%)

0.744

Moderate

0 (0.0%)

2 (5.0%)

High

39 (97.5%)

37 (92.5%)

Cynicism (CY)^c

Low

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1.000

Moderate

1 (2.5%)

1 (2.5%)

High

39 (97.5%)

39 (97.5%)

Personal Efficacy (PE)^c

Low

38 (95.0%)

40 (100.0%)

0.494

Moderate

1 (2.5%)

0 (0.0%)

High

1 (2.5%)

0 (0.0%)

ZBI^c for carers

Little or no burden

13 (32.5%)

19 (47.5%)

0.226

Mild to moderate burden

21 (52.5%)

19 (47.5%)

Moderate to severe burden

6 (15.0%)

2 (5.0%)

SDQ scores

Total difficulties^c

Normal

7 (17.5%)

18 (45.0%)

0.001*

Borderline

2 (5.0%)

7 (17.5%)

Abnormal

31 (77.5%)

15 (37.5%)

Emotional^b

Normal

22 (55.0%)

28 (70.0%)

0.430

Borderline

8 (20.0%)

5 (12.5%)

Abnormal

10 (25.0%)

7 (17.5%)

Conduct^c

Normal

4 (10.0%)

11 (27.5%)

0.078

Borderline

2 (5.0%)

4 (10.0%)

Abnormal

34 (85.0%)

25 (62.5%)

Hyperactive^b

Normal

9 (22.5%)

24 (60.0%)

0.003*

Borderline

8 (20.0%)

4 (10.0%)

Abnormal

23 (57.5%)

12 (30.0%)

Peer^b

Normal

6 (15.0%)

11 (27.5%)

0.315

Borderline

8 (20.0%)

9 (22.5%)

Abnormal

26 (65.0%)

20 (50.0%)

Prosocial^b

Normal

10 (25.0%)

22 (55.0%)

0.023*

Borderline

11 (27.5%)

7 (17.5%)

Abnormal

19 (47.5%)

11 (27.5%)