| Women | Men |
Restricted access to natural resources | Firewood (increased time, labour, health effects-miscarriage, chest, back pains, falls); Fodder (increased time, labour, health effects-miscarriage, chest, back pains, falls); Loss of livelihoods (selling firewood, fodder, charcoal); Physical impacts (harassment, tools confiscated, rape, beatings); Psychological effects (fear, stress); Increased cost of living (buying fodder, firewood). | Loss of source of income (selling fodder, firewood, charcoal, honey, wildlife meat); Loss of source of protein (traditional hunting); Physical impacts (beatings, death, imprisonment); Psychological effects (fear, stress); Increased cost of living (fines, buying fodder, firewood). |
Human-wildlife conflicts | Crop raiding (food insecurity, economic loss, increased agricultural labour); Livestock killings, injuries Destruction of water infrastructure (increased labour and time to search for water); Psychological impacts (fear); Limited freedom of movement at night; Sleepless nights (guarding crops); Fencing (increased time, labour, resources); Increased living costs (buying food, buying materials for mitigation measures, paying for guarding crops when time is not available). | Crop raiding (economic loss, increased agricultural labour); Human injuries, death; Livestock killings, injuries (income loss); Sleepless nights (guarding crops); Psychological impacts (fear); Limited freedom to stay outside at night; Destruction of water infrastructure; Increased living costs (buying food, buying materials for mitigation measures, paying for guarding crops when time is not available). |
Relationship | Enmity | Enmity |