18

Sebastine, et al.

2002

Ecuador

Cross-sectional study

Sample (n = 1250 Women aged 17 - 45 living in 9 exposed communities and 14 unexposed communities)

No association was found between stillbirth and exposure to oil spill.

19

Atubi

2015

Nigeria

Cross sectional study

Sample (n = 9 selected oil communities in Delta State)

Oil spillage and gas flaring have grave effects on human health.

20

Murdoch Children’s Research Institute

2014

Australia

longitudinal

Sample (n = 1500+ first time mothers)

Maternal depression linked to social factors.

21

Rung, et al.

2016

USA

Survey

Sample (n = 2842 women)

Physical exposure to oil spills was found to be significantly associated with

depressive symptoms.

Maternal depression linked to social factors as well.

22

Bell, et al.

2010

USA

Descriptive/

experimental Study

PM2.5 Teflon filters collected from 4 counties were analysed for more than 50 elements.

Data from National Centre for Health Statistics on 121,589 births matching study’s measurement data.

Exposures of pregnant women to higher levels of certain PM2.5 chemical constituents originating from specific sources, such as the oil-combustion associated elements vanadium and nickel are associated with lower birth weight.

23

Chen, et al.

2010

China

Cross-sectional study

Sample (n = 81 pairs of mothers and newborns)

Serum concentrations of several measured PAHs were associated with a decreased birth weight, although not statistically significant.