18 | Sebastine, et al. | 2002 | Ecuador | Cross-sectional study | Sample (n = 1250 Women aged 17 - 45 living in 9 exposed communities and 14 unexposed communities) | No association was found between stillbirth and exposure to oil spill. |
19 | Atubi | 2015 | Nigeria | Cross sectional study | Sample (n = 9 selected oil communities in Delta State) | Oil spillage and gas flaring have grave effects on human health. |
20 | Murdoch Children’s Research Institute | 2014 | Australia | longitudinal | Sample (n = 1500+ first time mothers) | Maternal depression linked to social factors. |
21 | Rung, et al. | 2016 | USA | Survey | Sample (n = 2842 women) | Physical exposure to oil spills was found to be significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Maternal depression linked to social factors as well. |
22 | Bell, et al. | 2010 | USA | Descriptive/ experimental Study | PM2.5 Teflon filters collected from 4 counties were analysed for more than 50 elements. Data from National Centre for Health Statistics on 121,589 births matching study’s measurement data. | Exposures of pregnant women to higher levels of certain PM2.5 chemical constituents originating from specific sources, such as the oil-combustion associated elements vanadium and nickel are associated with lower birth weight. |
23 | Chen, et al. | 2010 | China | Cross-sectional study | Sample (n = 81 pairs of mothers and newborns) | Serum concentrations of several measured PAHs were associated with a decreased birth weight, although not statistically significant. |