| S/N | Author(s) names | Year | Country | Study design | Study population and sample (s) | Findings |
| 1 | Dugandzic, et al. | 2006 | Canada | Retrospective cohort study | Live singleton births (≥37 weeks of gestation) between January 1, 1988 and December 31, 2000. | There were 74,284 women with a term, singleton birth during the study period and with exposure data. Results suggest that exposure during the first trimester to relatively low levels of some air pollutants may be associated with a reduction in birth weight in term-born infants. |
| 2. | McKenzie, et al. | 2014 | Colorado, USA | Cohort study; Use of secondary data | Information from publicly accessible Colorado Oil and Gas Information System (COGIS). Live birth data were also obtained from the Colorado Vital Birth Statistics. | Results show an association between density and proximity of natural gas wells within a 10-mile radius of maternal residence and prevalence of Congenial Heart Defects (CHDs) and possibly Neutral Tube Defects (NTDs). |
| 3. | Magee, et al. | 2017 | Sydney | Conceptual paper |
| Hypertensive disorders are the most common medical complication of pregnancy. |
| 4 | Harville, et al. | 2017a | USA | Survey | Sample (n = 1650 women 18 - 45 years of age) | There is a link between exposure to oil spill and hypertension. |
| 5 | Harville, et al. | 2017b |
| Survey | Sample (n = 1524 women aged 18 - 45) | An increased risk of miscarriage was found with any exposure to the oil spill. |
| 6. | American Diabetes Association | 2014 |
| Position Paper |
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| 7. | NIHCM | 2010 |
| Conceptual Paper |
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| 8. | Bruederle and Hodler | 2017 | Nigeria | Survey, Secondary data | Sample (n = 5043 Infants; 2744 mothers) | Oil spill has negative effects on neonates and infants. |
| 9. | Adewale and Mustapha | 2015 | Nigeria | Survey | Sample (n = 100) | Gas flaring causes health problems for the people. |
| 10 | Adelana et al. | 2011 | Nigeria | Conceptual paper |
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| 11. | Ejiba, et al. | 2016 | Nigeria | Conceptual paper |
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| 12. | Li and Carlson | 2014 | USA | Experimental | Water samples of two ground water wells in oil producing areas | Thermogenic methane was detected in wells—indicating a potential contamination. |
| 13 | Osborn et al. | 2011 | USA | Experimental | Water samples from 60 drinking-water wells in oil producing regions | 51 of 60 drinking water wells were contaminated. |
| 14. | Yakubu | 2017 | Nigeria | Evaluation study | Secondary data | Oil spills and gas flaring lead to severe health problems. |
| 15. | Udok and Akpan | 2017 | Nigeria | Conceptual paper |
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| 16 | United Nations Environment Program | 2011 |
| Evaluation report |
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| 17 | Kadafa | 2012 | Nigeria | Descriptive study | Secondary data | Oil pollution has caused the massive contamination to sources of drinking water, fishing grounds and so on. |