(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Std_test

Std_test

Std_test

Std_test

Co-residence

−0.033***

−0.013*

−0.013*

−0.014**

(0.008)

(0.007)

(0.007)

(0.007)

Nation

0.024**

0.020**

0.017*

(0.010)

(0.009)

(0.010)

Area

0.037***

0.016**

0.015*

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.008)

Age

0.016***

0.021***

0.021***

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

Grade

0.025***

0.019***

0.020***

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

Gender

−0.011

−0.018**

−0.017**

(0.007)

(0.007)

(0.007)

Learning_eva

0.056***

0.047***

0.048***

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

Key_school

0.016**

0.014*

(0.008)

(0.008)

Education_exp

0.031***

0.030***

(0.009)

(0.009)

Education_m

0.004***

0.003***

(0.001)

(0.001)

Education_f

0.003**

0.003**

(0.001)

(0.001)

Child_num

−0.016***

−0.014***

(0.005)

(0.005)

Ln_income

0.005*

0.004

(0.003)

(0.003)

cons

0.657***

0.202***

0.030

0.117*

(0.005)

(0.058)

(0.050)

(0.062)

Province fixed effect

Not controlled

Not controlled

Not controlled

controlled

N

2233.000

2233.000

2233.000

2233.000

R²

0.007

0.271

0.283

0.292