| Variable | Indicators | Constructions |
| Std_test | Standardized test scores | (0, 1) Standardize by grade; |
| Co-residence | Whether grandparents live with children | Dummy variables: 0-no grandparents live together, 1-one or two grandparents live together; |
| Nation | Nation | Dummy variables: 0-minority, 1-han; |
| Area | Area | Dummy variables: 0-rural, 1-urban; |
| Age | Age | Children’s age at the time of investigation (10 - 14 years); |
| Grade | Grade | The grades the children attended when they were investigated (grades 1 - 12); |
| Gender | Gender | Dummy variables: 0-female, 1-male; |
| Key_school | Whether in a key school | Dummy variables: 1-key school, 0-other; |
| Education_exp | Parents’ expectations for children’s education | Dummy variables: 0-high school and below, 1-high school and above; |
| Education_m | Years of mother’s education | Unit: year; |
| Education_f | Years of father’s education | Unit: year; |
| Child_num | Number of children’s siblings |
|
| Fincome | Household net income | Unit: yuan; |
| Fincome_p | Household per capita net income | Unit: yuan; |
| Ln_income | Log of household per capita net income | Ln(Fincome_p); |
| Learning_eva | Parents’ evaluation of children’s academic performance last year | Parents evaluated children’s language and mathematics by 1 - 4 (poor, medium, good, excellent), this variable uses the average of two values; |
| Wf1 | How often parents and children talk about school | Divided into five levels 1 - 5: the higher the value, the higher the frequency; |
| Wf2 | How often parents check their children’s homework | |
| Tutor | Whether the children received tutoring last year | Dummy variables: 1-tutoring costs in the past year > 0, 0-other. |