| Variables | Variables Name | Data Source |
Explained variable (EST) | labor | Marginal industry transfer variable | UN Comtrade database |
middle | Value chain upgrade variable | ||
micap | Industry related variable | ||
captech | Industry related variable | ||
Core explanatory variable | llnofdi_s | Foreign Direct Investment | Statistical Bulletin on China’s Foreign Investment |
Control variables | lnpgdp | Per capita GDP | World Bank database |
lngdp | GDP | ||
lnraw | Natural resources | ||
lntar | tariff | ||
lnrate | Exchange rate | ||
fta | Whether to sign a free trade agreement | World Trade Organization’s RTA database and PTA database |