Variables

Variables Name

Data Source

Explained variable (EST)

labor

Marginal industry transfer variable

UN Comtrade database

middle

Value chain upgrade variable

micap

Industry related variable

captech

Industry related variable

Core explanatory variable

llnofdi_s

Foreign Direct Investment

Statistical Bulletin on China’s Foreign Investment

Control variables

lnpgdp

Per capita GDP

World Bank database

lngdp

GDP

lnraw

Natural resources

lntar

tariff

lnrate

Exchange rate

fta

Whether to sign a free trade agreement

World Trade Organization’s RTA database and PTA database