Type of knowledge

t-test

Middle school students (n = 120)

Pre-service teachers (n = 60)

t

sig

Factual Knowledge

73.05 (17.20)

80 (22.17)

2.31

0.021*

Procedural Knowledge

80.00 (25.18)

85 (36.20)

1.07

0.280

Conceptual knowledge

75.27 (20.12)

80 (29.18)

1.27

0.204

Average

76.02 (13.00)

82 (12.70)

2.93

0.003*