Cigarette smoking

n = 250

Waterpipe smoking

n = 249

Variable

Non- smokers

n = 217 (86.8%)

Former smokers

n = 7 (2.8%)

Current smokers

n = 33 (13.2%)

Total

p

values

Non- smokers

n = 214 (85.9%)

Former smokers

n = 4 (1.6%)

Current smokers

n = 35 (14.1%)

Total

p

values

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Age

18 - 25

28 (90.3)

1 (3.2)

2 (6.5)

31 (13.5)

0.2696

27 (87.1)

0 (0)

4 (12.9)

31 (13.6)

0.5303

26 - 39

61 (89.7)

1 (1.5)

6 (8.8)

68 (29.7)

55 (80.9)

0 (0)

13 (19.1)

68 (29.8)

40+

103 (79.2)

4 (3.1)

23 (17.7)

130 (56.8)

110 (85.3)

3 (2.3)

16 (12.4)

129 (56.6)

Gender

Male

28 (46.7)

5 (8.3)

27 (45.0)

60 (24.0)

<0.0001

47 (78.3)

3 (5.0)

10 (16.7)

60 (24.1)

0.0489

Female

182 (95.8)

2 (1.1)

6 (3.2)

190 (76.0)

163 (86.2)

1 (0.53)

25 (13.2)

189 (75.9)

Education

High school or less

69 (75.8)

3 (3.3)

19 (20.9)

91 (37.0)

0.0234

78 (85.7)

1 (1.1)

12 (13.2)

91 (37.1)

0.8355

College

98 (85.2)

4 (3.5)

13 (11.3)

115 (46.7)

94 (82.5)

2 (1.8)

18 (15.8)

114 (46.5)

Graduate study

39 (97.5)

0 (0)

1 (2.5)

40 (16.3)

35 (87.5)

1 (2.5)

4 (10.0)

40 (16.3)

Relationship status

Single

37 (86.1)

1 (2.3)

5 (11.6)

43 (17.7)

0.9790

34 (79.1)

0 (0)

9 (20.9)

43 (17.8)

0.6067

Married

149 (82.3)

6 (3.3)

26 (14.4)

181 (74.5)

153 (85.0)

4 (2.2)

23 (12.8)

180 (74.4)

Separate/widow/ Divorce

17 (89.5)

0 (0)

2 (10.5)

19 (7.8)

16 (84.2)

0 (0)

3 (15.8)

19 (7.9)

Income

$25,000 or less

99 (80.5)

4 (3.3)

20 (16.3)

123 (53.0)

0.0405

109 (88.6)

1 (0.8)

13 (10.6)

123 (53.2)

0.1349

$25,001 - 50,000

21 (72.4)

0 (0)

8 (27.6)

29 (12.5)

21 (72.4)

1 (3.5)

7 (24.1)

29 (12.6)

$50,001+

72 (90.0)

3 (3.8)

5 (6.3)

80 (34.5)

64 (81.0)

2 (2.5)

13 (16.5)

79 (34.2)

Immigration status

Refugee

84 (78.5)

4 (3.7)

19 (17.8)

107 (42.8)

0.1139

92 (86.0)

1 (0.9)

14 (13.1)

107 (43.0)

0.7568

Immigrant

126 (88.1)

3 (2.1)

14 (9.8)

143 (57.2)

118 (83.1)

3 (2.1)

21 (14.8)

142 (57.0)

Employment

No

129 (87.8)

2 (1.4)

16 (10.9)

147 (59.3)

0.1657

122 (83.0)

0 (0)

25 (17.0)

147 (59.5)

0.0163

Yes

80 (79.2)

4 (4.0)

17 (16.8)

101 (40.7)

86 (86.0)

4 (4.0)

10 (10.0)

100 (40.5)

Health insurance

No

31 (83.8)

0 (0)

6 (16.2)

37 (15.2)

0.4769

35 (94.6)

0 (0)

2 (5.4)

37 (15.3)

0.2462

Yes

172 (83.5)

7 (3.4)

27 (13.1)

206 (84.8)

170 (82.9)

4 (2.0)

31 (15.1)

205 (84.7)

Health status

No Chronic disease

138 (82.1)

6 (3.6)

24 (14.3)

168 (67.2)

0.4156

140 (83.8)

3 (1.8)

24 (14.4)

167 (67.1)

0.7923

Chronic disease

72 (87.8)

1 (1.2)

9 (11.0)

82 (32.8)

70 (85.4)

1 (1.2)

11 (13.4)

82 (32.9)

Perceived stress

Low

56 (84.9)

1 (1.5)

9 (13.6)

66 (28.2)

0.8874

56 (84.9)

2 (3.0)

8 (12.2)

66 (28.2)

0.5354

Moderate to high

143 (85.1)

5 (3.0)

20 (11.9)

168 (71.8)

142 (84.5)

2 (1.2)

24 (14.3)

168 (71.8)