Technical

Pedagogical

The lack of smart phones, due to low-income family background (Gon & Rawekar, 2017; Lukas & Md Yunus, 2021)

Some students prefer face-to-face learning than learning in groups (Amin & Sundari, 2021)

Manual searching of old posts (Mwakapina et al., 2016)

Difference in student’s language proficiency (Asmara, 2020; Susanti, 2020; Verheijen & Spooren, 2021)

Slow speed internet connectivity and the resulting slow loading problems (Fujiono et al., 2021; Md Yunus et al., 2021)

Vague learning instructions from teachers (Wahyuni et al., 2020)

Digital eye-strain (Gupta et al., 2021)

Distracted students (Niah, 2021; Yulianawati et al., 2021)

Copy and pasting friend’s homework (Niah, 2021)

Limited time in conducting lessons (Niah, 2021)

Teachers’ curriculum overload (Mwakapina et al., 2016)

Laborious process of assessment and feedback (Gon & Rawekar, 2017; Maslan & Mohd Nor, 2020)