| Baseline (no cysteine) | Cysteine 10 mg/g AA | Cysteine 20 mg/g AA | Cysteine 40 mg/g AA | Breast fed Infants [22] | |
Total Intake |
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Calories (kcal/kg/day) | 92.6 ± 13.7 | 99.8 ± 24.1 | 99.9 ± 15.8 | 103.9 ± 18.56 | - | |
Protein (g/kg/day) | 2.5 ± 0.22 | 2.5 ± 0.31 | 2.4 ± 0.29 | 2.4 ± 0.33 | - | |
Sulfur Amino Acid Intake |
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Methionine (mg/kg/day) | 84.5 ± 7.42 | 83.5 ± 10.7 | 80.8 ± 10.0 | 82.8 ± 11.3 | - | |
Cysteine (mg/kg/day) | - | 24.6 ± 3.14† | 47.5 ± 5.90† | 97.4 ± 13.3† | - | |
Taurine (mg/kg/day) | 6.2 ± 0.60 | 6.1 ± 0.80 | 5.9 ± 0.80 | 6.1 ± 0.90 | - | |
Total Sulfur AA (mg/kg/day) | 90.8 ± 8.20 | 114.2 ± 15.10 | 125.9 ± 37.50 | 186.2 ± 26.30 | - | |
Blood Concentrations |
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RBC GSH (μmol/L) | 781 ± 122 | 735 ± 93.5 | 903 ± 118* | 1203 ± 124*† | - | |
GSH (normalized as % baseline) | 100 | 127 ± 25.4 | 153 ± 22.2* | 212 ± 35.7*† | - | |
Tau (μmol/L) | 38.2 ± 23.2 | 60.1 ± 8.26* | 54.9 ± 5.08* | 59.5 ± 6.68* | 83.9 ± 9.72 | |
Met (μmol/L) | 54.4 ± 3.36 | 52.3 ± 2.60 | 53.9 ± 3.99 | 57.4 ± 3.78 | 35.8 ± 1.68 | |
Cys (μmol/L) | 35.1 ± 3.54 | 38.4 ± 3.91 | 46.3 ± 3.65* | 50.3 ± 6.27* | 51.9 ± 2.00 | |
Gly (μmol/L) | 270 ± 21.3 | 299 ± 21.1 | 343 ± 28.7* | 323 ± 20.3* | 226 ± 17.6 | |
Ser (μmol/L) | 117 ± 8.07 | 123 ± 6.08 | 137 ± 9.64* | 132 ± 7.48* | 159 ± 19.6 | |
Glu (μmol/L) | 52.9 ± 7.45 | 45.8 ± 6.72 | 48.9 ± 5.67 | 55.2 ± 6.32 | 134 ± 12.8 | |
Gln (μmol/L) | 390 ± 30.9 | 427 ± 32 | 461 ± 23.2 | 400 ± 13.8 | 496 ± 41.6 | |
Total [Cys + CysH] (μmol/L) | 136 ± 9.79 | 188 ± 13.8* | 206 ± 14.0* | 252 ± 17.2*† | 153.4 ± 6.380 | |
Nutritional Assessments |
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Weight gain (g/day) | 10.3 ± 5.60 | 19.2 ± 11.6 | 29.8 ± 12.8 | 37.9 ± 14.4 | - | |
Nitrogen balance (mg/kg/day) | 270 ± 31.8 | 294 ± 31.3 | 270 ± 31.4 | 321 ± 26.8 | - |