| Latent Variable | Measurement Items | References |
| Teaching Presence | 1) The course instructor clearly tells me what to learn in the course. 2) The course instructor clearly communicates the course objectives to me. 3) The course instructor tells me clearly how to complete each task in the course. 4) The course instructor finds ways to engage me in the course. 5) The course instructor encourages me to discover and understand new concepts in the course. 6) The course instructor gives me timely feedback on my learning status in class. | Adopted from |
| Psychological Capital | 1) I can present my views with confidence during course activities. 2) I enjoy challenging course tasks. 3) I am always comfortable with the pressure of the course. 4) I always recover quickly from setbacks. 5) When things get tough, I always believe that “the sun always shines”. 6) I believe that “you reap what you sow”. 7) I will do my best to complete my course assignments. 8) Even if I have difficulty completing my course tasks, I will persevere to the end. | Adopted from |
| Academic Achievement | 1) The extent to which I complete course tasks in line with the teacher’s requirements. 2) The extent to which my learning outcomes meet expectations. 3) I am considerate and caring towards other students involved in the course. 4) I offer assistance to other students. 5) I have a good rapport with my classmates. 6) I take the initiative to solve problematic learning situations. 7) I persevere with customer service difficulties in order to complete my learning tasks. 8) In which of the following bands does my final grade fall? | Adopted from |