Variables | Type of test | With constant and without trend | With constant and trend | Without constant and without trend | Critical values at 5%. | Test stat | Decisions |
HDI | ADF | Yes | No | No | −2.991878 | −3.072932 | I (0) |
PP | No | Yes | No | −3.580623 | −5.167402 | I (1) | |
KPSS | No | Yes | No | 0.146000 | 0.188574 | I (0) | |
RENT | ADF | Yes | No | No | −2.967767 | −3.569115 | I (0) |
PP | Yes | No | No | −2.967767 | −3.463051 | I (0) | |
KPSS | Yes | No | No | 0.463000 | 0.379000 | I (0) | |
U_EMR | ADF | No | No | Yes | −2.971853 | −7.077170 | I (1) |
PP | No | No | Yes | −1.953381 | −8.754585 | I (1) | |
KPSS | No | Yes | No | 0.146000 | 0.101537 | I (0) | |
GDPC | ADF | No | No | Yes | −1.953381 | −4.749153 | I (1) |
PP | No | No | Yes | −1.953381 | −4.749918 | I (1) | |
KPSS | Yes | No | No | 0.463000 | 0.316018 | I (0) | |
IMR | ADF | No | Yes | No | −3.580623 | −7.348432 | I (0) |
PP | No | No | No | −1.953858 | −0.271532 | I (2) | |
KPSS | Yes | No | No | 0.463000 | 0.443922 | I (0) |