Variables

Type of test

With constant and without trend

With constant and trend

Without constant and without trend

Critical values at 5%.

Test stat

Decisions

HDI

ADF

Yes

No

No

−2.991878

−3.072932

I (0)

PP

No

Yes

No

−3.580623

−5.167402

I (1)

KPSS

No

Yes

No

0.146000

0.188574

I (0)

RENT

ADF

Yes

No

No

−2.967767

−3.569115

I (0)

PP

Yes

No

No

−2.967767

−3.463051

I (0)

KPSS

Yes

No

No

0.463000

0.379000

I (0)

U_EMR

ADF

No

No

Yes

−2.971853

−7.077170

I (1)

PP

No

No

Yes

−1.953381

−8.754585

I (1)

KPSS

No

Yes

No

0.146000

0.101537

I (0)

GDPC

ADF

No

No

Yes

−1.953381

−4.749153

I (1)

PP

No

No

Yes

−1.953381

−4.749918

I (1)

KPSS

Yes

No

No

0.463000

0.316018

I (0)

IMR

ADF

No

Yes

No

−3.580623

−7.348432

I (0)

PP

No

No

No

−1.953858

−0.271532

I (2)

KPSS

Yes

No

No

0.463000

0.443922

I (0)