| Sample | Technique |
| Maternal serum | IgG/IgM, ELISA, Western blot, immunofluorescence |
| Maternal serum | In situ hybridization |
| Maternal serum | AFP (Elevated prior to detction of hydrops) |
| Maternal serum | AFP (Elevated) |
| Maternal serum | PCR |
| Maternal serum | IgG antobodies against viral non-stuctural protein NS1 |
| Amniotic fluid | PCR |
| Amniotic fluid | PCR, southern blot, chemiluminescence |
| Amniotic fluid | Enzymatic amplification of parvovirus B19 (segment) |
| Fetal blood | PCR, dot-blot hybridization, in situ hybridization |
| Fetal blood | Enzymatic amplification of parvovirus B19 (segment) |
| Fetal serum | PCR |
| Fetal heart tissue | Microscopy: VP1 and VP2 viral particles |
| Fetal tissues | Microscopy: histology was found to be as sensitive as PCR |