| Author | Patient | Method | Main Outcome Measures | Results |
| Huttunen et al. [25] | 84 T1DM (6.3 - 18.8 yrs.) 94 healthy controls (8.5 - 18.8 yrs.) | Submaximal progressive exercise test | HbA1c | PWC is lower in T1DM boys PWC is inversely related to age (p < 0.01) and HbA1c (p ≤ 0.025) |
| Ludvigsson et al. [26] | 143 T1DM (1 - 16 yrs.; 7.3 ± 3.9 yrs.) | Weekly history of physical activity | Glycosuria | Positive correlation between degree of exercise and metabolic control (r = 0.54, p < 0.001) |
| Huttunen et al. [27] | 32 T1DM (8.2 - 16.9 yrs.; 11.9 yrs.) | Exercise group (n = 16), 1 h/wk of training for 3 mo. Non exercise group (n = 16), 1 h/wk of non-physical activity for 3 mo. | HbA1c | HbA1c was significantly better among T1DM subjects participating frequently (≥11 - 13 sessions) than among those participating infrequently (<11 -13 sessions) |
| Sackey et al. [28] | 135 T1DM children | Home diary for 6 days period to record details of physical activity | Fructosamine Blood glucose Subscapular skin fold thickness | Negative correlation between early morning activity and blood glucose (p = 0.004) |
| Herbst et al. [29] | 19.143 T1DM (3 - 20 yrs.) | Recording frequency of RPA | HbA1c BMI Hypoglycemia | HbA1c is lower in groups with more frequent RPA In female BMI is lower in groups with more frequent RPA No influence of RPA on hypoglycaemia |
| Dahl-Jorgensen et al. [30] | 22 T1DM (11 yrs.) | Exercise group (n = 14), 1 h/twice weekly of supervised exercise program for 5 mo. Non exercise group (n = 8) | HbA1c Blood Glucose Glycosuria Insulin-dosage per kilo body weight | No change in blood glucose, insulin dosage and glycosuria Reduction of HbA1c from 15.1 ± 2.2 to 13.8 ± 1.9 (p < 0.001) |
| Stratton et al. [31] | 16 T1DM adolescents | Supervised exercise group (n = 8), 8 wk program of supervised exercise Non supervised exercise group (n = 8), 8 wk program of non supervised exercise | Glycosylated serum albumin Blood glucose | Improvement of glycosylated serum albumin and of blood glucose values in the supervised exercise group |
| Campaigne et al. [32] | 19 T1DM (5 - 11 yrs.) | Exercise group (n = 9), 30 minutes of vigorous exercise, 3 times/wk for 12 wks Non exercise group (n = 10) | HbA1c
Blood glucose | Decrease of HbA1c and blood glucose in the exercise group |
| Mauvais-Jarvis et al. [33] | 12 T1DM adults (32 ± 7 yrs.) | 1. Occasion, 60-min high-intensity cycle exercise performed with the usual morning insulin dose 2. Occasion, 60-min high-intensity cycle exercise performed after 50% - 90% reduction of morning insulin dose | Blood glucose | T1DM patients can perform intense muscle exercise after a 50% - 90% without worsening metabolic control |
| Mosher et al. [34] | 10 T1DM (17.2 ± 1.2 yrs.) 10 healthy controls (19.4 ± 1.3 yrs.) | Mixed endurance and calisthenic/strength Activities performed at a rapid pace three times weekly for 12 wks | Blood glucose HbA1c Lean/Fat body mass | Increase in lean body mass Reduction in body fat No change in blood glucose Reduction of 0.96% in HbA1c |
| Larsson et al. [35] | 6 T1DM (15 - 19 yrs.) 6 healthy controls (15 - 19 yrs.) | Training program consisting in 5 months’ regular physical activity | VO2 max Heart volume Glycosuria CHO intake | Similar and significant increase in VO2 max and heart volume in both groups Unchanged glycosuria after increase of CHO intake |