Category | Compounds and proteins | Name of the compound/protein | Plant species and references |
Chemicals | Alkaloids | Morphine | Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae) [23] [24] |
Cheledonine, Sanguinarine, Copticine | Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae) [25] | ||
Lobeline | Lobelia cardinalis (Campanulaceae) [26] | ||
Sugar-mimic alkaloids, D-AB1, DNJ, etc | Morus australis, Morus spp. (Moraceae) [18] | ||
Phenanthroindolizidin alkaloids | Ficus spp. | ||
Terpenoids | Lactucin, Lactucopicrin, Lettucenin A | Lactuca spp., Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) [27] [28] [29] | |
Phorbol | Euphorbia spp., Euphorbia biglandulosa [30] [31] | ||
Cardenolides | Voruscharin, Ushcharidin, Usharin, Calotropagenin, etc. | Asclepias spp., Asclapias curassavica, etc. Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) [32] [33] [34] [35] | |
Toxicariosides | Antiaris toxicaria (Moraceae) [36] | ||
Rubber | Rubber (cis-1,4-isoprene polymer) | Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), Ficus spp. (Moraceae), Alstoia boonei (Apocynaceae), Parthenium argentatum, Lactuca spp. (Asteraceae) [37] [38] | |
Phenolics | p-Coumaric acid hexadecyl, octadecyl eicosyl esters | Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae) [39] | |
Urushiol | Rhus (Toxicodendron) spp. (Anacardiaceae, Resin) [40] | ||
Furanocoumarins | Bergapten, Xanthotoxin, Angelicin | Petroselium crispum, Pastinica sativa (Apiaceae, resin oil) [41] [42] [43] [44] | |
Proteins | Proteases | Cysteine protease | Carica papaya (Caricaceae), Ficus carica (Moraceae), Morrnia brachystephana, Calotropis procera, Asclepias barjoniifolia (Apocynaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae, resin) [19] [22] [35] [45] [46] [47] [48] |
Serine protease | Ficus elastica (Moraceae), Hevea brasiliensis, Euphorbia sapina (Euphorbiaceae), Wrightia tinctoria (Apocynaceae), Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae, resin) [48] - [53] | ||
Protease inhibitors | Cysteine protease inhibitor | Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae), Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitaceae, phloem sap) [22] [54] [55] | |
Serine protease inhibitor (Trypsin inhibitor and chymotrypsin inhibitor), | Ficus carica (Moraceae), Carica papaya (Caricaceae), Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitaceae) [54] [55] [56] [57] | ||
Aspartic protease inhibitor | Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitaceae) [54] [55] | ||
Oxidase | Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) | Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae, Resin) [58] [59] [60] | |
Peroxidase (POD) | Ficus carica (Moraceae), Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae), Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae, Resin) [48] [56] [60] [61] | ||
Lipoxygenase (LOX) | Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitaceae, phloem sap) [54] | ||
| Lectins, Chitin-binding proteins, and Chitinases | Lectin (inhibited by lactose and D-galactose) | Euphorbia lactea, Euphorbia hermentiana, etc. (Euphorbiaceae) [49] |
GlcNAc-binding (Chitin-binding) protein (non-hevein like) | Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitaceae, phloem sap) [54] [55] [61] [62] [63] | ||
Chitinase (also chitin-binding) | Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae), Morus alba (Moraceae) [22] [64] | ||
Others | Lipase | Euphorbia characias (Euphorbiaceae), Asclepias curassavica (Apocynaceae), Carica papaya (Caricaceae) [65] [66] [67] | |
Glutamyl cyclase | Carica papaya (Caricaceae) [57] | ||
Gum arabic glycoprotein | Acacia senegal (Fabaceae) [68] | ||
Phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL) | Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) [60] | ||
Phosphatase | Euphorbia esula, Euphorbia splendens (euphorbiaceae) [69] | ||
Linamarase (b-glucosidase) | Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) [70] |