Treatments and location of populations:

Year

EC50

(mg/L)

FR (Resistance Factor)

Penthiopyrad (poorly controlled). Sperimental Centre, Altedo (Bologna, Emilia-Romagna)

2014

0.120

2.9

2015

0.101

4.8

2016

0.091

4.3

Baseline*

0.021

Fluxapyroxad (poorly controlled)

SperimentalCentre, Altedo (Bologna, Emilia-Romagna)

2014

0.118

6.5

2015

0.120

6.6

2016

0.160

8.8

Baseline*

0.018

Fluopyram (poorly controlled)

Sperimental Centre, Altedo (Bologna, Emilia-Romagna)

2014

n.d.**

2015

0.170

4.1

2016

0.165

4.0

Baseline*

0.041