| Terms selected | Metcalfe and Chalk (1985) | Carlquist (1991, 2001) | Caballé (1993) | Acevedo-Rodriguez (2005) | Isnard and Silk (2009) | Angyalossy et al. (2012) | Angyalossy et al. (2015) |
| Stem irregular conformation | Flatted or winged stem; furrowed stem; lobed stem | Flatted stem; furrowed stem; lobed stem | Lobed stem |
|
|
| Stem with irregular conformation; lobed stem |
| Interxylary phloem | Interxylary phloem | Interxylary phloem; included phloem |
|
|
| Interxylary phloem | Interxylary phloem (without cambial inclusion) |
| Phloem arcs |
|
| Included phloem (strands) | Discrete vascular bundles | Interxylary phloem (black spot) |
| Interxylary phloem (with cambial inclusion) |
| Furrowed xylem | Furrowed xylem; furrows wedge-shaped; deeply furrowed xylem | Furrowed xylem | Quarters; lobed | Xylem forming across of 4 - 12 arms; lobed xylem | Lobed cambium; irregular cambium | Furrowed xylem; phloem arcs/wedges | Furrowed xylem by phloem arcs/wedges |
| Xylem in plates | Narrow radiating plates | Xylem in plates |
|
|
| Axial vascular elements in segments (separated by larger rays) | Segments alternating with very wide xylem and phloem rays |
| Dissected xylem | Fissured xylem | Fibrous woody parts dispersed by parenchyma proliferation | Blocks with closed contours; blocks |
| Multiple and lobed cambia | Xylem dispersed by parenchyma divisions | Dissected xylem |
| Successive cambia | Xylem and phloem concentrically alternating | Successive cambia | Radially and tangentially in rays and rings | Successive concentric layers; concentric bands | Successive and directional cambia; concentric cambia | Successive cambia | Successive cambia |
| Compound stem | Compound xylem mass | Compound secondary xylem; compound xylem mass | Duplicated or multiple cylinder; | Ploystelic stems |
| Compound vascular cylinders | Multiple vascular cylinders forming a single stem |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pericycle parenchyma cells dedifferentiation | |
| Intraxylary phloem | Intraxylary (internal) phloem |
|
|
|
|
| Intraxylary phloem |
| External vascular cylinders |
|
|
| Ploystelic stems |
| External secondary cylinders | Neoformation of secondary vascular cylinders |
|
|
|
|
|
| External secondary cylinders | Secondary growth of external primary vascular bundles |