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[42]

Treatment of ob/ob mice with 2.5% B. pilosa significantly reduced visceral and subcutaneous fat but not brown fat. Body weight, body fat and serum lipids in treated ob/ob mice appeared well regulated. Treatment of mouse 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes with cytopiloyne/GHT reduced adipogenesis in adipocytes via down-regulation of Egr2, CCAAT/enhancer-binding Proteins (C/EBPs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) as well as their downstream genes, aP2 and adiponectin.

[43]

Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of patients with type 2 diabetes that took a B. pilosa formulation (probetacell) orally at a daily dose of 400 mg, ter in die, for 3 months were well regulated.

[40]

Cytopiloyne reduced postprandial blood glucose levels, increased blood insulin, improved glucose tolerance, suppressed the level of HbA1c, and protected pancreatic islets in db/db mice.

Cytopiloyne dose dependently increased insulin secretion and expression in β-cells by triggering the activity of protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and its activators, calcium, and diacylglycerol (DAG). Cytopiloyne treats type 2 diabetes via regulation of insulin production involving the calcium/DAG/PKCα cascade in β-cells as well as maintaining islet architecture.

[28]

Single oral dose B. pilosa methanolic crude extracts and its polyacetylenic compounds reduced blood glucose levels in db/db mice by increasing insulin release whereas reduction of HbA1c was observed as a long-term effect.

[44]

Treatment of db/db mice with B. pilosa water extract improved glucose tolerance, decreased HbA1c and protected the structure of pancreatic islet and enhance insulin secretion.

[38]

Administration of Intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection of cytopiloyne at 25 μg/kg body weight per dose three times per week completely prevented the development of diabetes in 30 weeks old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. This could be attributed to suppressions of Th1 differentiation and depletion of serum interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) which is essential in development of type 1 diabetes.

[29]

Antidiabetic activity of cytopiloyne is due to its immunomodulatory role in T-cell differentiation of naive T helper (Th0) cells into type I T helper (Th1) cells or type II T helper (Th2) cells.