Variable

Stunting/total

%

COR

95%CI

p-value

Maternal characteristics

Age at delivery (years)

≥18

7/96

7.29

1

16 - 17

23/106

21.69

3.52

1.44 - 8.64

0.006*

<16

11/48

22.92

3.78

1.36 - 10.51

0.011*

Educational level

Vocational school or higher

5/55

9.09

1

Senior high school

6/62

9.68

1.07

0.31 - 3.73

0.914

Junior high school

24/111

21.62

2.76

0.99 - 7.68

0.052

Primary school

6/22

27.27

3.75

1.01 - 13.95

0.049*

BMI before pregnancy (kg/m²)

Normal (18.5 - 24.9)

25/165

15.15

1

Underweight (16.0 - 18.4)

12/73

16.44

1.10

0.52 - 2.33

0.801

Very underweight (<16.0)

4/12/

33.33

2.80

0.78 - 10.01

0.113

Family members

≤5

26/198

13.13

1

>5

15/52

28.85

2.68

1.29 - 5.55

0.008

Weight gain during pregnancy (kg)

≥10

26/200

13.00

1

<10

15/50

30.00

2.87

1.38 - 5.96

0.005

Number of parity

First

39/229

17.03

1

Second

2/21

9.52

0.51

0.12 - 2.30

0.382

Marital status

Lived with husband

30/193

15.54

1

Separated

9/43

20.93

1.44

0.63 - 3.30

0.392

Widowed, divorced

2/14

14.29

0.91

0.19 - 4.25

0.900

Monthly family income (THB)

≥15,000

30/164

18.29

1

<15,000

11/86

12.79

0.66

0.31 - 1.32

0.267

First antenatal care visit (weeks)

≤12

10/87

11.49

1

>12

31/163

19.02

1.81

0.84 - 3.89

0.130

Frequencies of antenatal care visits

≥5

28/195

14.36

1

<5

13/55

23.64

1.85

0.88 - 3.87

0.104

Daily iron and folic acid supplements during pregnancy

Yes

32/202

15.84

1

No

9/48

18.75

1.23

0.54 - 2.78

0.625

Child characteristics

Age (months)

36

4/23

17.39

1

24 - 35

18/108

16.67

0.95

0.27 - 4.29

0.933

12 - 23

15/86

17.44

1.00

0.27 - 4.64

0.995

6 - 11

4/33

12.12

0.66

0.11 - 4.00

0.579

Gender

Male

22/127

17.32

1

Female

19/123

15.45

1.15

0.57 - 2.24

0.818

Birth weight (grams)

3000 - 4000

10/82

12.19

1

2500 - 2999

13/99

13.13

1.09

0.45 - 2.63

0.851

<2500

18/69

26.09

2.54

1.08 - 5.96

0.032*

Preterm birth

No

33/222

14.86

1

Yes

8/28

28.57

2.29

0.80 - 5.97

0.098

Underlying diseases

No

39/241

16.18

1

Yes

2/9

22.22

1.48

0.12 - 6.92

0.644

Complete immunization

Yes

34/230

14.78

1

No

7/20

35.00

3.10

1.16 - 8.34

0.025*

Recent illness history

No

28/214

13.08

1

Yes

13/36

36.11

3.76

1.71 - 8.25

0.001*

Breast feeding (months)

≥6

5/56

8.93

1

4 - 5

9/81

11.11

1.28

0.40 - 4.03

0.679

<4

27/113

23.89

3.20

1.16 - 8.84

0.025*

Complementary feeding (months)

≥6

14/129

10.85

1

4 - 5

20/96

20.83

2.16

1.03 - 4.54

0.042*

<4

7/25

28.00

3.19

1.14 - 8.99

0.028*