Aristotle

(monism)

/

/

Hule

[eidos]

Newton

(monism)

/

/

Particle

[(position, momentum)]

Plato

(Allegory of the Sun)

actual world

Idea (=sunlight)

Idea world

Scholasticism

(Anselmus)

universal

individual

Scholasticism

(Thomas Aquinas)

human intellect

(universale post rem)

divine intellect

(universale ante rem)

Individual

(universal in re)

Descartes

[A] (=mind)

[B] (=body (≈sensory organ))

(Mediating of A and C)

[C] (=matter)

quantum language

Measurer

[measured value]

measuring instrument

[observable]

System

[state]