| (a) | |||||||
| CL1 | Author | Country2 | TTM3 | Significance4 | Comments4 | ||
| −5 | Leucippus + Democritus | possibly Abdera in Greece | TE | Atomic theory | This is possibly the first known use of TE in history | ||
| −3 | Aristarchus | Samos in Greece | AM | Gross heliocentric model | This model was based on observations of Month and Antiquity Greek geometry. | ||
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| Archimedes | Syracuse (Greek Sicily) | MH | Principle of buoyancy | *Possibly the oldest law in physics *Also the description of balance on the cage | ||
| 6 | John Philoponus | Eastern Roman Empire (Early Byzantium; recent Egypt) | TE | Theory of impetus-impetus was represented by the two expressions, i.e. kinetic capacity (dynamis) and kinetic force (energeia). Force is transmitted directly from mover to the body moved | *Theory of impetus represents precursor of Newtonian mechanics, i.e. the first theory achieving the level T2b (cf. chapter 6). *This theory was further processed by J. Buridan (rector of Sorbona and co-founder of Kraków Academy) and J. Cantius (teacher working in Kraków Academy) in 14th and 15th centuries, respectively. | ||
| 13 | Ibn al-Nafis | Mamluk Sultanate (recent Syria) | AM | Model of pulmonary circulation of blood | *Model was deduced after several dissections of dead human bodies. *Rediscovered by W. Harvey in 17th century | ||
| 15 | Leonardo da Vinci | Toscana (recent Italy) | AM | Multiple physical 3D models interesting with respect to mechanics (see e.g. | *Heart as a muscle pumping blood *Discovery of rising by absorption | ||
| 16 | Nicolas Copernicus | Poland | AM | Rediscovery of heliocentric model using contemporary trigonometry | Copernicus was possibly influenced by manuscripts of J. Buridan and J. Cantius dealing with the theory of impetus and located in Krakow. | ||
| 17 | Galileo Galilei | Toscana (recent Italy) | TE Mp | TE generated factual Law of inertia (chapter 2) reformulated as MH by I. Newton Mp enabled formation of typical objects in Galileo’s TE. | *Semi-quantitative description of gravitation *Philosophical concepts for modern theoretical science *Galileo referenced theory of impetus | ||
|
| Johannes Kepler | Holy Roman Empire (recent Germany) | MH | *Laws of planetary motion using numerical analysis | Kepler’s laws included discovery of elliptic motion of the planets and their countable dynamics. | ||
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| Christian Huygens | Dutch Republic | Mp | Light as wave (Huygens principle; | *Author of early sci-fi | ||
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| Isaac Newton | England | MH | *Laws of motion *Law of universal gravitation | *Discovery of integral calculus *Philosophy concerning theoretical mechanics *Mechanistic explanation of Kepler’s laws | ||
| 18 | Leonard Euler | Swiss Confederacy | AM MH | Multiple mathematical models Geneneralized equation for mechanics (cf. Lagrange) | *Importance for future statistics, medicine, informatics and architecture *Contribution to the graph theory | ||
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| Carl Linnaeus | Sweden | AM | The first partial model of taxonomic system | The model used morphological markers and was later re-evaluated in consequence of Darwin’s theory and sequence-based taxonomy. | ||
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| Joseph L. Lagrange | Kingdom of Sardinia (Torino in recent Italy) | MH | Lagrangians – kinetical potentials of system | Generalization of Newton mechanics using Euler-Lagrange equations based on Langrangians. In contrast to Newton mechanics, this MH does not require additional geometrical diagrams. | ||
| 19 | Thomas R. Malthus | England | AM | Gross exponential model of population growth | Malthus was primarily concerned with economics. | ||
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| John Dalton | England | MH | Atomic theory – concept of atomic weights | Concept based on Proust’s law of definite proportions (possibly MH generated by TE) | ||
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| Hans Christian Oersted | Denmark | TE | The first definition of TE | Discovery of electromagnetism | ||
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| Pierre Francois Verhulst | Belgian | AM | Gross logistic model of population growth | Mathematical studies important for development of logistic regression | ||
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| Gregor Johann Mendel | Austrian Empire (recent Czech Republic) | MH | Mendelian laws of inheritance | Laws were derived based on rounding off enumerated empiric fractions, i.e. in agreement with empiric statistics. | ||
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| James Clerk Maxwell | Scotland | MH MH TE | Maxwell’s equations (ME) Kinetic theory of gases Inspiring Maxwell’s demon | *ME represent laws of electromagnetic field. *Kinetic theory of gases constitutes (i) TE-generated MH and (ii) mechanistic form of chaos. *Maxwell’s demon is still investigated | ||
| (b) | |||||||
| CL1 | Author | Country2 | TTM3 | Significance4 | Comments4 | ||
| 20 | Max K.E.L. Planck | German Confederation | HMT MH | Black-body radiation Planck units (e.g. length or time) | *Comments to philosophy of natural science *Nobel Prize in Physics for his quantum theory (1918) | ||
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| Leonor Michaelis | German Empire | MH | Fundamental equation for enzyme kinetics completed with lucid linear representation | *M. L. Menten was co-author of this MH. *Equation can be generalized for a large number of enzyme reactions and their inhibitions | ||
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| Albert Einstein | German Empire | MH | Special and universal theories of relativity changing opinions following from Newtonian physics | *Discovery of photoelectric effect *Space curved with gravity, speed changing masses, lengths and time intervals *Application of tensors in the curved Riemannian space *Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) | ||
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| Robert S. Mulliken | USA | MH/ HMT | Molecular orbitals | *Electrons as common waves of molecules but not atoms *Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1966) | ||
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| Ervin Schrödinger | Austria- Hungary (recent Austria) | MH | *Schrödinger equation (SE) derived using Mp | *SE is fundamental MH necessary for theoretical as well as semi-empiric quantum-physics-based predictions of molecular structures (cf. chapter 9). *Nobel Prize in Physics (1933) | ||
|
| Niels Kay Jerne | England/ Denmark | AM/ TE | *Immune (idiotypic) network - antibodies interact with both specific antigens and variable regions of other antibodies using the same site. This forms interactive network | *Computer assisted versions of this AM develop only slowly due to complexity of the process, though the simplified abstract description via formal generative grammar is clear *Various usage of anti-idiotypic vaccines *Generalized to complex Ig-superfamily network *Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1984) | ||
|
| Alan Turing | England | AM | Model of morphogenesis, starting the investigation of non-mechanistic chaos (cf. Maxwell in this table and chapter 9) | *Turing is considered to be one of founders of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence (e.g. Turing machine; *Decryption of Enigma-machine messages in the Second World War | ||
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| Ilya Romanovich Prigogine | Russian Empire | MH | Theory of dissipative structures (area of biothermodynamics) | *Research of self-organizing systems including origin of life ( *Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1977) | ||
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| Edward Norton Lorenz | USA | MH | Theory of deterministic chaos (originally important model of weather; | *A certain limitation of Butterfly effect consists in diffusion events (cf. chapter 9). *Problems with specificity of the deduced chaodynamical agnosticism. | ||
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| Richard Phillips Feynman | USA | MH HMT | Theory of quantum electro-dynamics Feynman diagrams were derived as convention based on HMT | *One of the first investigators in area of quantum computers *Together with J. Schwinger and S. Tomonaga Nobel Prize in Physics (1965) concerning quantum electrodynamics | ||
|
| James Dewey Watson | USA | AM | Physical 3D model of DNA based on X-ray diffraction proposed together with F. Crick | *The model explained genomic reproduction based on nucleotide-base-complementarities. *Participation in human genome project *Together with F. Crick and M. Wilkins Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1962) | ||
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| Radu Bălescu | Romania | MH | Liouville equation adapted for microscopic interpretation of thermodynamic systems | Substitution-based agreement of this equation with Schrödinger equation | ||
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| Gabriele Veneziano | Italy | AM/ MH | String theory | *Together with L. Susskind, J. Nambu and H. B. Nielsen—pioneer papers in string theory *Heisenberg’s S-matrix represented important information for the development of string theory. | ||