Strategy

Definition

Example

Direct transfer

The translation directly transfers the form and function of its corresponding item in the ST

ST: On all the continents the habitat type known as tropical rain forest is confined to within about 10 degrees latitude of the equator, …

TT: 在各个大陆上，被称为热带雨林型的动植物生境都在赤道以南和赤道以北大约10度之内……

Indirect transfer

The translation transfers the function of its corresponding item in the ST, but in different form

ST: By around 5000 years ago, pollen analyses testify to widespread deforestation of highland valleys, suggesting forest clearance for agriculture.

TT: 孢粉分析的结果显示，距今至少5000年前，高地河谷中发生过大规模的伐木活动，可能是为了开垦农地。

Omitted

The translation omits both the form and function of the corresponding item, but transfers other structures in the ST

ST: However, it is uncertain when, between about 14,000 and 35,000 years ago, the Americas were first colonized.

TT: 不过，人类什么时候开始定居美洲尚不清楚，只知道是在3.5万~1.4万年前。

Modified

The hedge in the ST is translated as a non-hedge in the TT, but other structures are maintained

ST: Archaeologists exploring Madagascar have now proved that Austronesians had arrived at least by A.D. 800, …

TT: 考古学家在马达加斯加岛的发掘，证明南岛语族最晚在公元800年已经到达了，……

Paraphrase

The translation omits both the form and function of the corresponding item, and paraphrases other structures in the ST

ST: Each murder in band and tribal societies usually leads to an attempted revenge killing, starting one more unending cycle of murder and counter murder that destabilizes the society.

TT: 在血债血偿的恶性循环下，整个社会动荡不安，充满血腥与暴力。