2001 sample (n = 5050)

2011 sample (n = 3875)

Variable (maximum score)

Mean (S.E.)

Standard Deviation (S.E.)

Mean (S.E.)

Standard Deviation (S.E.)

Reading achievement

527.87 (3.06)

62.80 (1.66)

570.54 (2.26)

60.58 (1.20)

Students’ reading attitudes (16)

12.26 (.06)

2.58 (.03)

12.34 (.07)

2.65 (.03)

Students’ reading

practices (20)

13.43 (.06)

2.78 (.03)

13.76 (.09)

3.25 (.04)

Parents’ reading attitudes (16)

11.14 (.05)

2.40 (.03)

11.04 (.05)

2.33 (.03)

Home educational resources

−.02 (.03)

.80 (.01)

.01 (.02)

.77 (.01)

Early home literacy activities (15)

9.57 (.05)

1.95 (.03)

10.24 (.04)

2.05 (.03)