|
| non-crisis | crisis | Difference |
| Germany | −1.262 | −2.813 | −1.500 |
| France | −1.832 | −1.456 | −2.617 |
| Italy | −0.597 | −2.103 | −0.848 |
| Spain | −1.207 | 0.309 | 0.062 |