1

Land cover

(Supervised Classification)

This represents the natural vegetation and land resources available for land-use benefits, consists of mangrove forest, forested fresh water swamp, rain-fed agriculture land, grazing field etc. (Figure 3(a)).

2

Pipeline(Digitisation)

This consists of series of connected pipelines used to transport crude oil to various destinations, represents the main source of petroleum hydrocarbon discharge in the area (Figure 3(b)).

3

Communities

(Supervised classification)

Is used as a surrogate for population distribution marked in point density describing population distribution per square kilometer (Figure 3(c)).

4

Rivers and creeks

(Supervised classification)

This represents the major and minor rivers (creeks). River (water) transport a common means of transportation and source of domestic water supply and other economic purposes like fishing. This layer is an important variable in the socio-economic life of the rural Niger Delta and yet it influences the migratory capacity of oil spills (Figure 3(d)).