| Category | Intervention group (n = 19) | Control group (n = 10) | p value | ||
| mean ± SD | median (range) | ||||
| Knowledge | Knowledge test (%) | 14.7 (10.4) | 1.3 (4.0) | 0.001* | |
| Nutrition survey | Calorie intake (Kcal) | −332 (351.63) | −111 (280.51) | 0.080 | a |
| Confectionery (g) | −18.3 (56.86) | −19.7 (39.60) | 0.804 | ||
| Fruit (g) | −24.9 (80.39) | −12.4 (28.33) | 0.836 | ||
| Vegetable (g) | 7.5 (112.00) | 16.3 (89.59) | 0.832 | ||
| Diabetes self-management | Dietary | 5.7 (7.01) | 2.8 (4.05) | 0.234 | a |
| Exercise | 2.9 (4.83) | 1.6 (2.88) | 0.445 | ||
| Others (foot care, etc.) | 0.6 (1.17) | −0.5 (1.78) | 0.048* | ||
| Total score | 9.2 (10.15) | 3.9 (6.42) | 0.146 | ||
| Self-monitoring | Action | 1 (−3 - 10) | 1 (−1 - 5) | 0.900 | b |
| Environment | 1 (−3 - 6) | 0.5 (−3 - 4) | 0.204 | ||
| Cognition | 1 (−5 - 6) | 0 (−7 - 3) | 0.393 | ||
| Total score | 4 (−6 - 14) | 1 (−4 - 7) | 0.214 | ||
| Physiological data | BMI (kg/m2) | −0.54 (1.25) | 0.16 (0.72) | 0.115 | a |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.21 (0.65) | −0.360 (0.47) | 0.512 | ||