Causes-focused coping strategies

Group mean

Group RII %

Levene’s test for equality of variances

Group rank

F-value

Sig. (Equal)

Construct 1: Avoiding the cause

1. Say no when limits are exceeded.

3.66^a, 3.95^b

73.1^a, 79.2^b

0.149

0.700

9th^a, 9th^b

2. Avoid unnecessary arguments and debates that affect my emotions.

3.84^a, 3.97^b

76.8^a, 79.3^b

0.339

0.561

4th^a, 7th^b

3. Turn off TV that shows sensitive pictures.

3.65^a, 4.02^b

73.1^a, 80.4^b

0.507

0.477

10th^a, 4th^b

4. Avoid listening to bad news that leads to worry or anxiety.

3.60^a, 4.00^b

72.0^a, 80.9^b

0.658

0.418

13th^a, 6th^b

5. End relationship with persons who consistently bring trouble.

3.89^a, 4.05^b

77.9^a, 80.9^b

0.009

0.927

2nd^a, 3rd^b

6. Plan for emergency situations.

3.85^a, 3.47^b

76.9^a, 69.3^b

0.009

0.925

3rd^a, 24th^b

7. Withdraw from work duties or change jobs.

3.62^a, 4.10^b

72.4^a, 82.0^b

0.090

0.765

11th^a, 1st^b

Construct 2: Altering the cause

8. Express how one feels about a situation.

3.67^a, 4.07^b

73.3^a, 81.3^b

0.727

0.395

8th^a, 2nd^b

9. I work extra hard to meet the challenge.

3.21^a, 3.51^b

64.1^a, 70.3^b

76.429

0.000*

23rd^a, 20th^b

10. Delegate complicated tasks.

4.13^a, 3.75^b

82.7,^a 75.1^b

0.703

0.402

1st^a, 14th^b

11. Adopt better skills for time management.

3.42^a, 3.48^b

68.4^a, 69.6^b

3.631

0.058

19th^a, 22nd^b

12. Take time off and relax from routine work.

3.35^a, 3.51^b

67.1^a, 70.3^b

20.015

0.000*

21st^a, 21st^b

13. Delay in working.

3.70^a, 3.53^b

74.0^a, 70.5^b

4.928

0.027*

7th^a, 19th^b

14. Seek support from friends or families.

3.48^a, 3.47^b

69.6^a, 69.3^b

0.889

0.346

17th^a, 23rd^b

Construct 3: Adapting to the cause

15. Compromise on things.

3.59^a, 3.58^b

71.7^a, 71.6^b

11.819

0.001*

14th^a, 18th^b