Variable

Empirics

Data Source

Expected Signs

RGDPPC

Al-Yousif [23] , Nguyen et al. [24]

WDI

DD

Xu [17] , and Abu-Bader and Abu-Qarn [18]

WDI

Positive

DCPS

King and Levine [25] , Madichie et al. [26]

WDI

Positive

INV

Mankiw et al. [27]

WDI

Positive

PG

Mankiw et al. [27]

WDI

Negative

TO

Harrison [28] , Onafowora and Owoye [29] , Yanikkaya [30] , Yucel [31] , Narayan and Narayan [32]

WDI

Positive

GS

Mankiw and Scarth [33]

WDI

Positive