Species | Ploidy | Alternation | Methods and change in polysomic polyploid | Ref. |
Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium | Diploid and autotetraploid | Genes loss and new f ragments appearance | Sequence-related amplified polymorphisms (SRAP), made 1.1% lost fragments and 1.6% new fragment appeared | [106] |
20 flowering plants | Autotetraploid | Gene loss | Random gene loss under the selection pressure of singletons | [107] |
Solanum sp. | Haploid, diploid and autotetraploid | Change in gene expression | cDNA microarray 9000 genes showed 10% genes that change expression belong to ploidies in both foliage and root tips | [108] |
Rice | Monoploid, diploid, triploid | Methylation, gene expression, and small RNA | About 25,500 genes investigated methylation of a single gene with 22,751 methylated genes presented in all monoploid, diploid and triploid rice. When comparing each pair of ploidy 64 genes that were pivotal different DNA methylation, sequencing small RNA profiles detected 36 novel miRNAs divergent level of expression related to ploidy level | [109] |
Rice | Diploid and Autotetraploid | Methylation | Methylated class II of transposable elements that influence gene expression | [110] |
Cymbopogon | Diploid and Autotetraploid | Cytosine methylation | Cytosine methylation of genome-wide made large body size and enhance phytochemical in autotetraploid | [111] |
Helianthus decapetalus | Diploid, Autotetraploid, autohexaploid | Gene expression | Populations of a single species can diverse in gene expression patterns | [112] |
Chrysanthemum nankingense | Diploid and autotetraploid | miRNAs | The rapid growth and development of autotetraploid were promoted by a lot of target genes repressed by miRNAs | [113] |
Brassica rapa | Diploid and autotetraploid | Methylation and DNA fragment change | Nearly 0.58% of changed fragments when using cDNA-AFLP methods, DNA methylation changes about 1.7% of fragments by using MSAP | [114] |
Malus × domestica Borkh | Diploid and autotetraploid | Methylation, the effect of ploidy in some gene expression | Similar between the two ploidy levels (28.0% vs 27.3%) with the frequency of methylated restriction sites, no discernible effect on ploidy in the expression of MET1, DRM2, CTM | [115] |
Phlox drummondii Hooker | The difference between generations of autopolyploid (C0, C1, C2, and C3) | Polymorphism | Polymorphism autotetraploid C0, C1, C2 and C3 were 2.8%, 1.6%, 2.1% and 3.2%, respectively by using RAPD | [116] |
Arabidopsis thaliana | Diploid, autotriploid, autotetraploid | Loss and gain of DNA sequence | Loss and gain of DNA sequences of the first generation of autopolyploid (short term “revolutionary alteration”) while the long term “revolutionary alteration” was a little change… | [117] |
Arabidopsis | Ploidy | Cis-regulatory elements | Cis-regulatory elements showed the extensive difference in regulatory elements and networks | [118] |
Isatisindigotica | Diploid and tetraploid | IiCPK2 expression | Root, stem, and leaf of the tetraploid plant were more expressions than diploid plant | [48] |
Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro | Triploid, hexaploid, dodecaploid | Differential expression gene, EXPB3, and TCP | 8396 differential expression genes that belong to cell growth and differentiation groups promoting growth and development, EXPB3 and TCP related to cell proliferation and differentiation | [119] |
Arabidopsis thaliana | Autotetraploid | Multivalent | Having translocation of 45S gene between chromosome 3 and 4 | [120] |
Orchardgrass | Autotetraploid | Inducing tetraploid by colchicine | Colchicine inhibited genes associated with microtubule, spindle, chromosomal kinetochore, vesicle, cellulose and pathways of cytoplasm movement, chromatid separation, membrane, and cell wall development | [129] |