Scientific name

Ploidy

Tolerance

The ways to resistance

Ref.

Lonicera japonica Thunb

Diploid & autotetraploid

Salt stress

Tetraploid more Na+ extrusion in root and higher Na+ transport to leaf, supporting photosynthesis

[91]

Oryza sativa

Nipponbare

Diploid & autotetraploid

Salt stress

Tetraploid more proline, less MDA, increasing proton transport and decreasing Na+ influx into the root

[85]

Brassica rapa L.

Diploid &

autotetraploid

Salt stress

Tetraploid increasing gene expression of antioxidant APX, CAT, POD, SOD, and GR; mitigating ROS

[92]

Paulownia tomentosa

Diploid & autotetraploid

Salt stress

RNA transporter, phytohormone transduction cues, protein processing, photosynthesize cues, AP2/EREBP, MYB, NAC, and bHLH

[53] [133]

Medicago sativa L.

Diploid & autotetraploid

Salt stress

36 SNP markers related to salt stress, 14 genes functionalized to abiotic stress related to 23 pivotal markers promote salt tolerance

[93]

Malus domestica

Diploid & autotetraploid

Salt stress

The expression of aquaporin gene (MdPIP1; 1 and MdTIP1; 1) higher in tetraploid

[58]

Hordeumbulbosum

Diploid & autotetraploid

Salt stress

miRNAs support tolerance salt stress. e.g. miR528-3p was function in DNA-replication, repair

[50]

Paulownia fortune

Diploid &

autotetraploid

Salt stress

Increasing of soluble sugars, up-regulated ATP synthase to enhance ion transport changing proton 8 miRNAs more enhanced and 10 new miRNAs

[95] [102]

P. australis;

P. fortunei;

P. tomentosa;

Diploid &

autotetraploid

Drought stress

miRNAs and target genes related to transcriptional regulation, hormone metabolism, and plant defense

[54] [55] [56]

Dioscorea zingiberensis

Diploid & autotetraploid

Heat stress

Activation of the antioxidant defense system and enhanced heat tolerance compared to diploid plant

[97]

Nicotiana benthamiana

Tetraploid & octaploid

Cold stress

Increasing antioxidant (SOD, CAT, APX...)

[105]

Arabidopsis thaliana

Diploid & autotetraploid

Copper stress

Cu transport gene, AtHMA5, AtCOX17, and AtMT2b, activation of antioxidative defense, positive regulation of

expression ABA-responsive genes

[96]

Citrus sinensis L. Poncirustrifoliata L.

Diploid & autotetraploid

Boron stress

The root anatomical characters of the 4x plants

[100]

Betula platyphylla

Diploid & autotetraploid

NaHCO₃ stress

Enhancing the expression of some genes related to proline biosynthesis in tetraploid

[98]

Malus× domestica Borkh

Diploid & autotetraploid

Resistance of Venturia

Containing Rvi6 resistance gene-locus significantly increased

[105]