Scientific name	Ploidy	Phytochemical and metabolite products	The mechanism molecular	Ref.
Papaver somniferum L.	Diploid and autotetraploid	Increase morphine 25% - 50%.	Enhance many genes expression belongs to alkaloid biosynthesis pathway	[43]
Citrullus lanatus	Diploid, autotriploid and autotetraploid	Increase lycopene contents	Biosynthesis lycopene phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase ζ-carotene desaturase, carotenoid isomerase, and lycopene β-cyclase more expression	[41]
Linum album	Diploid and autotetraploid	Increase podophyllotoxin (PTOX)	Upregulated genes related to pathway of PTOX biosynthesis	[42]
Lycopersicum esculentum	Diploid and autotetraploid	Higher protein	Upregulation genes malate dehydrogenase, acid invertase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and nitrate reductase	[39]
Arabidopsis Thaliana Col-0	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change metabolite of TCA and GABA	Genes related to TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) divergent expression	[83]
Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata	Diploid and autotetraploid	Increase total flavonoid and gastrodin	Enhanced the tropane biosynthetic pathways	[40]
Citrullus lanatus	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change in gene expression	Some upregulated genes in tetrasomic tetraploid were Arginine biosynthesis, chlorophyllide synthesis, GDP mannose biosynthesis, trehalose biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose degradation pathways	[44]
Paulownia fortunei	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change in gene expression	Showed 6.09 % pivotal differential expression belong to carbon fixation group and energy metabolism group	[85]
Morus alba L.	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change in gene expression	Showed 2.87% (609) genes that changed the level of gene expression in total 21,229 expressed genes, 30 genes were promoting the biosynthesis and transduction cues of phytohormones such as cytokinin, gibberellins, ethylene, and auxin	[57]
Arabidopsis thaliana	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change gene expression	92 homeologous gene pairs that were differential expression at tissue-specific as aerial tissue and apical tissue with function in cell polarity and conservation of cell wall integrity for development and stress tolerance	[45]
Paspalum notatum	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change gene expression	26 divergent genes having a function and 22 novel sequences	[47]
Tolmiea	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change gene expression	17% differential gene expression comparing between tetraploid and diploid plant	[86]
Isatis indigotica	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change gene expression	4.3% differential gene expression, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, metabolic and developmental pathway	[49]
Paulownia tomentosa	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change gene expression	Differentially expressed unigenes related to pathways such as 30 photosynthesis response, 21 transcription factors, and 22 lignin process	[87]
Isatis indigotica Fort	Diploid, autotetraploid, autotetraploid	Change gene expression	Differentially expressed genes were significantly in expansin and pectin synthesis (cell growth), cell wall components, secondary metabolic pathways, and the pathway of the stress response and photosynthesis	[46]
Solanum commersonii and Solanum bulbocastanum	Diploid and autotetraploid	Change in gene expression	Pericentromeric regions more enriched differentially expression genes	[88]