| Panel unit root tests (Unbalanced set)―levels |
|||||||||||
| Variable |
Tests |
LLC |
Breitung-t |
IPS-W |
ADF |
PP |
|||||
| Stat |
Prob |
Stat |
Prob |
Stat |
Prob |
Stat |
Prob |
Stat |
Prob |
||
| limp_f |
Individual effects |
0.96 |
0.83 |
4.09 |
1.00 |
8.52 (chi-square) |
1.00 |
23.25 (chi-square) |
0.97 |
||
| Individual linear trend |
−2.44*** |
0.007 |
−2.428*** |
0.008 |
−1.17 |
0.12 |
45.31 (chi-square) |
0.19 |
104.05*** (chi-square) |
0.00 |
|
| Lgdpcap |
Individual effects |
1.26 |
0.90 |
4.56 |
1.00 |
7.73 (chi-square) |
1.00 |
10.36 (chi-square) |
1.00 |
||
| Individual linear trend |
−1.94** |
0.03 |
−2.12** |
0.02 |
−1.32* |
0.09 |
43.42 (chi-square) |
0.25 |
21.57 (chi-square) |
0.99 |
|
| Linv |
Individual effects |
2.13 |
0.98 |
5.85 |
1.00 |
5.54 (chi-square) |
1.00 |
8.81 (chi-square) |
1.00 |
||
| Individual linear trend |
0.24 |
0.59 |
0.99 |
0.84 |
1.39 |
0.92 |
24.02 (chi-square) |
0.96 |
29.23 (chi-square) |
0.0.84 |
|
| Ltcer |
Individual effects |
−2.83*** |
0.00 |
|
|
−0.91 |
0.18 |
37.71 |
0.48 |
31.43 |
0.76 |
| Individual linear trend |
−0.12 |
0.45 |
−1.61* |
0.05 |
2.36 |
0.99 |
16.36 (chi-square) |
1.00 |
13.39 (chi-square) |
1.00 |
|
| Lurbpop |
Individual effects |
−2.05** |
0.02 |
8.07 |
1.00 |
32.31*** (chi-square) |
0.72 |
81.92*** (chi-square) |
0.00 |
||
| Individual linear trend |
−0.59 |
0.27 |
0.19 |
0.58 |
2.49 |
0.99 |
36.54 (chi-square) |
0.53 |
86.02*** (chi-square) |
0.00 |
|