Item

Before training

After training

Control group

(n = 43)

Study group

(n = 43)

t value

P value

Control group

(n = 43)

Study group

(n = 43)

t value

P value

Professional emotion

4.69 ± 1.38

4.63 ± 1.42

0.199

0.843

5.51 ± 1.76^★

6.93 ± 1.84^☆

−3.657

<0.001

Professional prospect recognition

4.25 ± 1.46

4.27 ± 1.42

−0.064

0.949

5.34 ± 1.58^★

6.57 ± 1.50^☆

−3.702

<0.001

Professional self-efficacy

4.84 ± 1.69

4.73 ± 1.75

0.297

0.768

5.82 ± 1.66^★

7.06 ± 1.53^☆

−3.602

0.001

Professional orientation value

4.19 ± 1.73

4.24 ± 1.62

−0.138

0.890

5.62 ± 1.58^★

6.73 ± 1.68^☆

−3.156

0.002

Professional intention

4.05 ± 1.25

4.13 ± 1.17

−0.306

0.760

5.37 ± 1.41^★

6.72 ± 1.57^☆

−4.195

<0.001