Independent Variables

Model 1

Model 2

R²

0.266

0.283

R adjusted

0.251

0.253

F

17.826***

9.523***

1. Self-esteem

−0.337***

−0.322***

2. Ages

−0.233

−0.222

3. Level of school

0.294

0.278

4. Self-assessment of academic performance (score scale 1 - 5)

−0.260***

−0.268***

5. Self-assessment of success in life (score scale 1 - 5)

−0.046

−0.100

6. No. of siblings whom children living with

−0.033

7. Length of parental migration

−0.043

8. Father or mother working away from home

0.115*

9. Frequency of parents’ visit

0.090

10. Frequency of communication between parents and children

0.026