Criteria

Classification

Hyperactivity

Emotional problems

Conduct problems

Peer problems

Total difficulties

Prosocial behavior

Mean (SD)

1. Sex

Male

3.39 (1.97)

3.47 (2.21)

2.08 (2.11)

3.45 (1.77)

12.36 (6.09)

6.91 (1.99)

Female

2.23 (1.90)

4.36 (2.50)***

1.68 (1.71)*

3.50 (1.51)

12.73 (5.84)

7.36 (1.78)**

2. Age

9 - 11 years old

3.03 (1.93)

3.83 (2.42)

1.71 (1.96)

3.46 (1.96)

11.90 (6.00)

7.08 (1.96)

12 - 15 years old

3.57 (1.91)***

4.01 (2.39)

2.03 (1.88)

3.49 (1.57)

13.14 (5.88)

7.20 (1.85)

3. Length of parental migration

≤2 years

3.71 (1.97)

3.85 (2.27)

2.14 (2.00)

3.60 (1.65)

13.22 (5.98)

6.80 (1.92)

2 - 5 years

2.87 (1.81)

3.50 (2.21)

1.14 (1.43)

3.20 (1.39)

10.78 (5.00)

7.62 (1.60)

>5 years

3.20 (2.05)***

4.23 (2.70)

4.23 (2.70)***

3.19 (1.64)

12.37 (6.09)***

7.52 (1.77)***

4. Who works far away from home

Father

2.99 (1.98)

3.52 (2.35)

1.63 (1.78)

3.28 (1.72)

11.38 (5.86)

7.28 (1.83)

Mother

3.41 (1.94)

4.13 (2.33)

2.19 (2.16)

3.71 (1.52)

13.41 (6.09)

7.18 (1.96)

Two parents

3.55 (1.88)*

4.24 (2.45)**

1.88 (1.82)

2.37 (1.63)

13.08 (5.74)***

7.01 (1.88)

5. Children’s residential area

Phu Tho

3.39 (1.95)

4.20 (2.37)

1.68 (1.70)

3.42 (1.53)

12.85 (5.72)

7.66 (1.64)

Bac Ninh

2.73 (1.83)

3.28 (2.35)

1.43 (1.83)

3.28 (1.53)

10.56 (5.68)

17.37 (1.94 )

Ha Nam

3.71 (1.90)***

4.26 (2.36)***

2.32 (2.02)***

3.66 (1.78)

13.88 (5.92)***

6.67 (1.90)***

6. The frequency of communication between children and parents

Less frequent

3.37 (1.91)

4.05 (2.42)

1.85 (1.94)

3.56 (1.65)

12.87 (5.98)

7.22 (1.84)

Frequent

3.21 (1.98)

3.75 (2.36)

1.87 (1.87)

3.36 (1.63)

12.11 (5.92)

7.06 (1.97)